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(Redirected from Neural interface)
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A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a neural-control interface (NCI), mind-machine interface (MMI), direct neural interface (DNI), or brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. BCI differs from neuromodulation in that it allows for bidirectional information flow. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.[1]
Research on BCIs began in the 1970s at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA.[2][3] The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature.
The field of BCI research and development has since focused primarily on neuroprosthetics applications that aim at restoring damaged hearing, sight and movement.[4] Due to the cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels.[5] Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s.
- 3Animal BCI research
- 3.2Prominent research successes
- 4Human BCI research
- 4.1Invasive BCIs
- 4.3Non-invasive BCIs
- 4.3.1Non-EEG-based human–computer interface
- 4.3.3Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces
- 4.3.10BCI control strategies in neurogaming
- 6Ethical considerations
- 8Future directions
History[edit]
The history of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) starts with Hans Berger's discovery of the electrical activity of the human brain and the development of electroencephalography (EEG). In 1924 Berger was the first to record human brain activity by means of EEG. Berger was able to identify oscillatory activity, such as Berger's wave or the alpha wave (8–13 Hz), by analyzing EEG traces.
Berger's first recording device was very rudimentary. He inserted silver wires under the scalps of his patients. These were later replaced by silver foils attached to the patient's head by rubber bandages. Berger connected these sensors to a Lippmann capillary electrometer, with disappointing results. However, more sophisticated measuring devices, such as the Siemens double-coil recording galvanometer, which displayed electric voltages as small as one ten thousandth of a volt, led to success.
Berger analyzed the interrelation of alternations in his EEG wave diagrams with brain diseases. EEGs permitted completely new possibilities for the research of human brain activities.
Although the term had not yet been coined, one of the earliest examples of a working brain-machine interface was the piece Music for Solo Performer (1965) by the American composer Alvin Lucier. The piece makes use of EEG and analog signal processing hardware (filters, amplifiers, and a mixing board) to stimulate acoustic percussion instruments. To perform the piece one must produce alpha waves and thereby 'play' the various percussion instruments via loudspeakers which are placed near or directly on the instruments themselves.[6]
UCLA Professor Jacques Vidal coined the term 'BCI' and produced the first peer-reviewed publications on this topic.[2][3] Vidal is widely recognized as the inventor of BCIs in the BCI community, as reflected in numerous peer-reviewed articles reviewing and discussing the field (e.g.,[7][8][9]). His 1973 paper stated the 'BCI challenge': Control of objects using EEG signals. Especially he pointed out to Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) potential as a challenge for BCI control. The 1977 experiment Vidal described was the first application of BCI after his 1973 BCI challenge. It was a noninvasive EEG (actually Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP)) control of a cursor-like graphical object on a computer screen. The demonstration was movement in a maze.[10]
After his early contributions, Vidal was not active in BCI research, nor BCI events such as conferences, for many years. In 2011, however, he gave a lecture in Graz, Austria, supported by the Future BNCI project, presenting the first BCI, which earned a standing ovation. Vidal was joined by his wife, Laryce Vidal, who previously worked with him at UCLA on his first BCI project.
In 1988, a report was given on noninvasive EEG control of a physical object, a robot. The experiment described was EEG control of multiple start-stop-restart of the robot movement, along an arbitrary trajectory defined by a line drawn on a floor. The line-following behavior was the default robot behavior, utilizing autonomous intelligence and autonomous source of energy.[11][12]
In 1990, a report was given on a bidirectional adaptive BCI controlling computer buzzer by an anticipatory brain potential, the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) potential.[13][14] The experiment described how an expectation state of the brain, manifested by CNV, controls in a feedback loop the S2 buzzer in the S1-S2-CNV paradigm. The obtained cognitive wave representing the expectation learning in the brain is named Electroexpectogram (EXG). The CNV brain potential was part of the BCI challenge presented by Vidal in his 1973 paper.
BCIs Versus neuroprosthetics[edit]
Neuroprosthetics is an area of neuroscience concerned with neural prostheses, that is, using artificial devices to replace the function of impaired nervous systems and brain-related problems, or of sensory organs. As of December 2010, cochlear implants had been implanted as neuroprosthetic device in approximately 220,000 people worldwide.[15] There are also several neuroprosthetic devices that aim to restore vision, including retinal implants.
The difference between BCIs and neuroprosthetics is mostly in how the terms are used: neuroprosthetics typically connects the nervous system to a device, whereas BCIs usually connect the brain (or nervous system) with a computer system.[4] Practical neuroprosthetics can be linked to any part of the nervous system—for example, peripheral nerves—while the term 'BCI' usually designates a narrower class of systems which interface with the central nervous system.
The terms are sometimes, however, used interchangeably. Neuroprosthetics and BCIs seek to achieve the same aims, such as restoring sight, hearing, movement, ability to communicate, and even cognitive function.[1] Both use similar experimental methods and surgical techniques.
Animal BCI research[edit]
Several laboratories have managed to record signals from monkey and rat cerebral cortices to operate BCIs to produce movement. Monkeys have navigated computer cursors on screen and commanded robotic arms to perform simple tasks simply by thinking about the task and seeing the visual feedback, but without any motor output.[16] In May 2008 photographs that showed a monkey at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center operating a robotic arm by thinking were published in a number of well-known science journals and magazines.[17]
Early work[edit]
Monkey operating a robotic arm with brain–computer interfacing (Schwartz lab, University of Pittsburgh)
In 1969 the operant conditioning studies of Fetz and colleagues,at the Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle, showed for the first time that monkeys could learn to control the deflection of a biofeedback meter arm with neural activity.[18] Similar work in the 1970s established that monkeys could quickly learn to voluntarily control the firing rates of individual and multiple neurons in the primary motor cortex if they were rewarded for generating appropriate patterns of neural activity.[19]
Studies that developed algorithms to reconstruct movements from motor cortexneurons, which control movement, date back to the 1970s. In the 1980s, Apostolos Georgopoulos at Johns Hopkins University found a mathematical relationship between the electrical responses of single motor cortex neurons in rhesus macaque monkeys and the direction in which they moved their arms (based on a cosine function). He also found that dispersed groups of neurons, in different areas of the monkey's brains, collectively controlled motor commands, but was able to record the firings of neurons in only one area at a time, because of the technical limitations imposed by his equipment.[20]
There has been rapid development in BCIs since the mid-1990s.[21] Several groups have been able to capture complex brain motor cortex signals by recording from neural ensembles (groups of neurons) and using these to control external devices.
Prominent research successes[edit]
Kennedy and Yang Dan[edit]
Phillip Kennedy (who later founded Neural Signals in 1987) and colleagues built the first intracortical brain–computer interface by implanting neurotrophic-cone electrodes into monkeys.[citation needed]
Yang Dan and colleagues' recordings of cat vision using a BCI implanted in the lateral geniculate nucleus (top row: original image; bottom row: recording)
In 1999, researchers led by Yang Dan at the University of California, Berkeley decoded neuronal firings to reproduce images seen by cats. The team used an array of electrodes embedded in the thalamus (which integrates all of the brain's sensory input) of sharp-eyed cats. Researchers targeted 177 brain cells in the thalamus lateral geniculate nucleus area, which decodes signals from the retina. The cats were shown eight short movies, and their neuron firings were recorded. Using mathematical filters, the researchers decoded the signals to generate movies of what the cats saw and were able to reconstruct recognizable scenes and moving objects.[22] Similar results in humans have since been achieved by researchers in Japan (see below).
Nicolelis[edit]
Miguel Nicolelis, a professor at Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina, has been a prominent proponent of using multiple electrodes spread over a greater area of the brain to obtain neuronal signals to drive a BCI.
After conducting initial studies in rats during the 1990s, Nicolelis and his colleagues developed BCIs that decoded brain activity in owl monkeys and used the devices to reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms. Monkeys have advanced reaching and grasping abilities and good hand manipulation skills, making them ideal test subjects for this kind of work.
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By 2000, the group succeeded in building a BCI that reproduced owl monkey movements while the monkey operated a joystick or reached for food.[23] The BCI operated in real time and could also control a separate robot remotely over Internet protocol. But the monkeys could not see the arm moving and did not receive any feedback, a so-called open-loop BCI.
Diagram of the BCI developed by Miguel Nicolelis and colleagues for use on rhesus monkeys
Later experiments by Nicolelis using rhesus monkeys succeeded in closing the feedback loop and reproduced monkey reaching and grasping movements in a robot arm. With their deeply cleft and furrowed brains, rhesus monkeys are considered to be better models for human neurophysiology than owl monkeys. The monkeys were trained to reach and grasp objects on a computer screen by manipulating a joystick while corresponding movements by a robot arm were hidden.[24][25] The monkeys were later shown the robot directly and learned to control it by viewing its movements. The BCI used velocity predictions to control reaching movements and simultaneously predicted handgripping force. In 2011 O'Doherty and colleagues showed a BCI with sensory feedback with rhesus monkeys. The monkey was brain controlling the position of an avatar arm while receiving sensory feedback through direct intracortical stimulation (ICMS) in the arm representation area of the sensory cortex.[26]
Donoghue, Schwartz and Andersen[edit]
Other laboratories which have developed BCIs and algorithms that decode neuron signals include those run by John Donoghue at Brown University, Andrew Schwartz at the University of Pittsburgh and Richard Andersen at Caltech. These researchers have been able to produce working BCIs, even using recorded signals from far fewer neurons than did Nicolelis (15–30 neurons versus 50–200 neurons).
Donoghue's group reported training rhesus monkeys to use a BCI to track visual targets on a computer screen (closed-loop BCI) with or without assistance of a joystick.[27] Schwartz's group created a BCI for three-dimensional tracking in virtual reality and also reproduced BCI control in a robotic arm.[28] The same group also created headlines when they demonstrated that a monkey could feed itself pieces of fruit and marshmallows using a robotic arm controlled by the animal's own brain signals.[29][30][31]
Andersen's group used recordings of premovement activity from the posterior parietal cortex in their BCI, including signals created when experimental animals anticipated receiving a reward.[32]
Other research[edit]
In addition to predicting kinematic and kinetic parameters of limb movements, BCIs that predict electromyographic or electrical activity of the muscles of primates are being developed.[33] Such BCIs could be used to restore mobility in paralyzed limbs by electrically stimulating muscles.
Miguel Nicolelis and colleagues demonstrated that the activity of large neural ensembles can predict arm position. This work made possible creation of BCIs that read arm movement intentions and translate them into movements of artificial actuators. Carmena and colleagues[24] programmed the neural coding in a BCI that allowed a monkey to control reaching and grasping movements by a robotic arm. Lebedev and colleagues[25] argued that brain networks reorganize to create a new representation of the robotic appendage in addition to the representation of the animal's own limbs.
In 2019, researchers from UCSF published a study where they demonstrated a BCI that had the potential to help patients with speech impairment caused by neurological disorders. Their BCI used high-density electrocorticography to tap neural activity from a patient's brain and used deep learning methods to synthesize speech.[34][35]
The biggest impediment to BCI technology at present is the lack of a sensor modality that provides safe, accurate and robust access to brain signals. It is conceivable or even likely, however, that such a sensor will be developed within the next twenty years. The use of such a sensor should greatly expand the range of communication functions that can be provided using a BCI.
Development and implementation of a BCI system is complex and time consuming. In response to this problem, Gerwin Schalk has been developing a general-purpose system for BCI research, called BCI2000. BCI2000 has been in development since 2000 in a project led by the Brain–Computer Interface R&D Program at the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany, New York, United States.
A new 'wireless' approach uses light-gated ion channels such as Channelrhodopsin to control the activity of genetically defined subsets of neurons in vivo. In the context of a simple learning task, illumination of transfected cells in the somatosensory cortex influenced the decision making process of freely moving mice.[36]
The use of BMIs has also led to a deeper understanding of neural networks and the central nervous system. Research has shown that despite the inclination of neuroscientists to believe that neurons have the most effect when working together, single neurons can be conditioned through the use of BMIs to fire at a pattern that allows primates to control motor outputs. The use of BMIs has led to development of the single neuron insufficiency principle which states that even with a well tuned firing rate single neurons can only carry a narrow amount of information and therefore the highest level of accuracy is achieved by recording firings of the collective ensemble. Other principles discovered with the use of BMIs include the neuronal multitasking principle, the neuronal mass principle, the neural degeneracy principle, and the plasticity principle.[37]
BCIs are also proposed to be applied by users without disabilities. A user-centered categorization of BCI approaches by Thorsten O. Zander and Christian Kothe introduces the term passive BCI.[38] Next to active and reactive BCI that are used for directed control, passive BCIs allow for assessing and interpreting changes in the user state during Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). In a secondary, implicit control loop the computer system adapts to its user improving its usability in general.
The BCI Award[edit]
The Annual BCI Research Award is awarded in recognition of outstanding and innovative research in the field of Brain-Computer Interfaces. Each year, a renowned research laboratory is asked to judge the submitted projects. The jury consists of world-leading BCI experts recruited by the awarding laboratory. The jury selects twelve nominees, then chooses a first, second, and third-place winner, who receive awards of $3,000, $2,000, and $1,000, respectively. The following list presents the first-place winners of the Annual BCI Research Award:[39]
- 2010: Cuntai Guan, Kai Keng Ang, Karen Sui Geok Chua and Beng Ti Ang, (A*STAR, Singapore)
- Motor imagery-based Brain-Computer Interface robotic rehabilitation for stroke.
- 2011: Moritz Grosse-Wentrup and Bernhard Schölkopf, (Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Germany)
- What are the neuro-physiological causes of performance variations in brain-computer interfacing?
- 2012: Surjo R. Soekadar and Niels Birbaumer, (Applied Neurotechnology Lab, University Hospital Tübingen and Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany)
- Improving Efficacy of Ipsilesional Brain-Computer Interface Training in Neurorehabilitation of Chronic Stroke
- 2013: M. C. Dadarlata,b, J. E. O’Dohertya, P. N. Sabesa,b (aDepartment of Physiology, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, US, bUC Berkeley-UCSF Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, US)
- A learning-based approach to artificial sensory feedback: intracortical microstimulation replaces and augments vision
- 2014: Katsuhiko Hamada, Hiromu Mori, Hiroyuki Shinoda, Tomasz M. Rutkowski, (The University of Tokyo, JP, Life Science Center of TARA, University of Tsukuba, JP, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, JP)
- Airborne Ultrasonic Tactile Display BCI
- 2015: Guy Hotson, David P McMullen, Matthew S. Fifer, Matthew S. Johannes, Kapil D. Katyal, Matthew P. Para, Robert Armiger, William S. Anderson, Nitish V. Thakor, Brock A. Wester, Nathan E. Crone (Johns Hopkins University, USA)
- Individual Finger Control of the Modular Prosthetic Limb using High-Density Electrocorticography in a Human Subject
- 2016: Gaurav Sharma, Nick Annetta, Dave Friedenberg, Marcie Bockbrader, Ammar Shaikhouni, W. Mysiw, Chad Bouton, Ali Rezai (Battelle Memorial Institute, The Ohio State University, USA)
- An Implanted BCI for Real-Time Cortical Control of Functional Wrist and Finger Movements in a Human with Quadriplegia
- 2017: S. Aliakbaryhosseinabadi, E. N. Kamavuako, N. Jiang, D. Farina, N. Mrachacz-Kersting (Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Systems Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; and Imperial College London, London, UK)
- Online adaptive brain-computer interface with attention variations
Human BCI research[edit]
Invasive BCIs[edit]
Invasive BCI requires surgery to implant electrodes under scalp for communicating brain signals. The main advantage is to provide more accurate reading; however, its downside includes side effects from the surgery. After the surgery, scar tissues may form which can make brain signals weaker. In addition, according to the research of Abdulkader et al., (2015),[40] once implanted electrodes, the body may not accept the electrodes which may cause medical complications.
Vision[edit]
Jens Naumann, a man with acquired blindness, being interviewed about his vision BCI on CBS's The Early Show
Invasive BCI research has targeted repairing damaged sight and providing new functionality for people with paralysis. Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain during neurosurgery. Because they lie in the grey matter, invasive devices produce the highest quality signals of BCI devices but are prone to scar-tissue build-up, causing the signal to become weaker, or even non-existent, as the body reacts to a foreign object in the brain.[41]
In vision science, direct brain implants have been used to treat non-congenital (acquired) blindness. One of the first scientists to produce a working brain interface to restore sight was private researcher William Dobelle.
Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into 'Jerry', a man blinded in adulthood, in 1978. A single-array BCI containing 68 electrodes was implanted onto Jerry's visual cortex and succeeded in producing phosphenes, the sensation of seeing light. The system included cameras mounted on glasses to send signals to the implant. Initially, the implant allowed Jerry to see shades of grey in a limited field of vision at a low frame-rate. This also required him to be hooked up to a mainframe computer, but shrinking electronics and faster computers made his artificial eye more portable and now enable him to perform simple tasks unassisted.[42]
Dummy unit illustrating the design of a BrainGate interface
In 2002, Jens Naumann, also blinded in adulthood, became the first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive Dobelle's second generation implant, marking one of the earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second generation device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are spread out across the visual field in what researchers call 'the starry-night effect'. Immediately after his implant, Jens was able to use his imperfectly restored vision to drive an automobile slowly around the parking area of the research institute.[43][self-published source] Unfortunately, Dobelle died in 2004[44] before his processes and developments were documented. Subsequently, when Mr. Naumann and the other patients in the program began having problems with their vision, there was no relief and they eventually lost their 'sight' again. Naumann wrote about his experience with Dobelle's work in Search for Paradise: A Patient's Account of the Artificial Vision Experiment[43] and has returned to his farm in Southeast Ontario, Canada, to resume his normal activities.[45]
Movement[edit]
BCIs focusing on motor neuroprosthetics aim to either restore movement in individuals with paralysis or provide devices to assist them, such as interfaces with computers or robot arms.
Researchers at Emory University in Atlanta, led by Philip Kennedy and Roy Bakay, were first to install a brain implant in a human that produced signals of high enough quality to simulate movement. Their patient, Johnny Ray (1944–2002), suffered from ‘locked-in syndrome’ after suffering a brain-stem stroke in 1997. Ray's implant was installed in 1998 and he lived long enough to start working with the implant, eventually learning to control a computer cursor; he died in 2002 of a brain aneurysm.[46]
TetraplegicMatt Nagle became the first person to control an artificial hand using a BCI in 2005 as part of the first nine-month human trial of Cyberkinetics’s BrainGate chip-implant. Implanted in Nagle's right precentral gyrus (area of the motor cortex for arm movement), the 96-electrode BrainGate implant allowed Nagle to control a robotic arm by thinking about moving his hand as well as a computer cursor, lights and TV.[47] One year later, professor Jonathan Wolpaw received the prize of the Altran Foundation for Innovation to develop a Brain Computer Interface with electrodes located on the surface of the skull, instead of directly in the brain.
More recently, research teams led by the Braingate group at Brown University[48] and a group led by University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,[49] both in collaborations with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, have demonstrated further success in direct control of robotic prosthetic limbs with many degrees of freedom using direct connections to arrays of neurons in the motor cortex of patients with tetraplegia.
Partially invasive BCIs[edit]
Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter. They produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain than fully invasive BCIs. There has been preclinical demonstration of intracortical BCIs from the stroke perilesional cortex.[50]
Electrocorticography (ECoG) measures the electrical activity of the brain taken from beneath the skull in a similar way to non-invasive electroencephalography, but the electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed above the cortex, beneath the dura mater.[51] ECoG technologies were first trialled in humans in 2004 by Eric Leuthardt and Daniel Moran from Washington University in St Louis. In a later trial, the researchers enabled a teenage boy to play Space Invaders using his ECoG implant.[52] This research indicates that control is rapid, requires minimal training, and may be an ideal tradeoff with regards to signal fidelity and level of invasiveness.
(Note: these electrodes had not been implanted in the patient with the intention of developing a BCI. The patient had been suffering from severe epilepsy and the electrodes were temporarily implanted to help his physicians localize seizure foci; the BCI researchers simply took advantage of this.)[53]
Signals can be either subdural or epidural, but are not taken from within the brain parenchyma itself. It has not been studied extensively until recently due to the limited access of subjects. Currently, the only manner to acquire the signal for study is through the use of patients requiring invasive monitoring for localization and resection of an epileptogenic focus.
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ECoG is a very promising intermediate BCI modality because it has higher spatial resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, wider frequency range, and less training requirements than scalp-recorded EEG, and at the same time has lower technical difficulty, lower clinical risk, and probably superior long-term stability than intracortical single-neuron recording. This feature profile and recent evidence of the high level of control with minimal training requirements shows potential for real world application for people with motor disabilities.[54][55]
Light reactive imaging BCI devices are still in the realm of theory. These would involve implanting a laser inside the skull. The laser would be trained on a single neuron and the neuron's reflectance measured by a separate sensor. When the neuron fires, the laser light pattern and wavelengths it reflects would change slightly. This would allow researchers to monitor single neurons but require less contact with tissue and reduce the risk of scar-tissue build-up.[citation needed]
Non-invasive BCIs[edit]
There have also been experiments in humans using non-invasiveneuroimaging technologies as interfaces. The substantial majority of published BCI work involves noninvasive EEG-based BCIs. Noninvasive EEG-based technologies and interfaces have been used for a much broader variety of applications. Although EEG-based interfaces are easy to wear and do not require surgery, they have relatively poor spatial resolution and cannot effectively use higher-frequency signals because the skull dampens signals, dispersing and blurring the electromagnetic waves created by the neurons. EEG-based interfaces also require some time and effort prior to each usage session, whereas non-EEG-based ones, as well as invasive ones require no prior-usage training. Overall, the best BCI for each user depends on numerous factors.
Non-EEG-based human–computer interface[edit]
Pupil-size oscillation[edit]
A 2016 article[56] described an entirely new communication device and non-EEG-based human-computer interface, which requires no visual fixation, or ability to move the eyes at all. The interface is based on covert interest; directing one's attention to a chosen letter on a virtual keyboard, without the need to move one's eyes to look directly at the letter. Each letter has its own (background) circle which micro-oscillates in brightness differently from all of the other letters. The letter selection is based on best fit between unintentional pupil-size oscillation and the background circle's brightness oscillation pattern. Accuracy is additionally improved by the user's mental rehearsing of the words 'bright' and 'dark' in synchrony with the brightness transitions of the letter's circle.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy[edit]
In 2014 and 2017, a BCI using functional near-infrared spectroscopy for 'locked-in' patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was able to restore some basic ability of the patients to communicate with other people.[57][58]
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces[edit]
Overview[edit]
Recordings of brainwaves produced by an electroencephalogram
In the early days of BCI research, another substantial barrier to using Electroencephalography (EEG) as a brain–computer interface was the extensive training required before users can work the technology. For example, in experiments beginning in the mid-1990s, Niels Birbaumer at the University of Tübingen in Germany trained severely paralysed people to self-regulate the slow cortical potentials in their EEG to such an extent that these signals could be used as a binary signal to control a computer cursor.[59] (Birbaumer had earlier trained epileptics to prevent impending fits by controlling this low voltage wave.) The experiment saw ten patients trained to move a computer cursor by controlling their brainwaves. The process was slow, requiring more than an hour for patients to write 100 characters with the cursor, while training often took many months. However, the slow cortical potential approach to BCIs has not been used in several years, since other approaches require little or no training, are faster and more accurate, and work for a greater proportion of users.
Another research parameter is the type of oscillatory activity that is measured. Birbaumer's later research with Jonathan Wolpaw at New York State University has focused on developing technology that would allow users to choose the brain signals they found easiest to operate a BCI, including mu and beta rhythms.
A further parameter is the method of feedback used and this is shown in studies of P300 signals. Patterns of P300 waves are generated involuntarily (stimulus-feedback) when people see something they recognize and may allow BCIs to decode categories of thoughts without training patients first. By contrast, the biofeedback methods described above require learning to control brainwaves so the resulting brain activity can be detected.
While an EEG based brain-computer interface has been pursued extensively by a number of research labs, recent advancements made by Bin He and his team at the University of Minnesota suggest the potential of an EEG based brain-computer interface to accomplish tasks close to invasive brain-computer interface. Using advanced functional neuroimaging including BOLD functional MRI and EEG source imaging, Bin He and co-workers identified the co-variation and co-localization of electrophysiological and hemodynamic signals induced by motor imagination.[60]Refined by a neuroimaging approach and by a training protocol, Bin He and co-workers demonstrated the ability of a non-invasive EEG based brain-computer interface to control the flight of a virtual helicopter in 3-dimensional space, based upon motor imagination.[61] In June 2013 it was announced that Bin He had developed the technique to enable a remote-control helicopter to be guided through an obstacle course.[62]
In addition to a brain-computer interface based on brain waves, as recorded from scalp EEG electrodes, Bin He and co-workers explored a virtual EEG signal-based brain-computer interface by first solving the EEG inverse problem and then used the resulting virtual EEG for brain-computer interface tasks. Well-controlled studies suggested the merits of such a source analysis based brain-computer interface.[63]
A 2014 study found that severely motor-impaired patients could communicate faster and more reliably with non-invasive EEG BCI, than with any muscle-based communication channel.[64]
Dry active electrode arrays[edit]
In the early 1990s Babak Taheri, at University of California, Davis demonstrated the first single and also multichannel dry active electrode arrays using micro-machining. The single channel dry EEG electrode construction and results were published in 1994.[65] The arrayed electrode was also demonstrated to perform well compared to silver/silver chloride electrodes. The device consisted of four sites of sensors with integrated electronics to reduce noise by impedance matching. The advantages of such electrodes are: (1) no electrolyte used, (2) no skin preparation, (3) significantly reduced sensor size, and (4) compatibility with EEG monitoring systems. The active electrode array is an integrated system made of an array of capacitive sensors with local integrated circuitry housed in a package with batteries to power the circuitry. This level of integration was required to achieve the functional performance obtained by the electrode.
The electrode was tested on an electrical test bench and on human subjects in four modalities of EEG activity, namely: (1) spontaneous EEG, (2) sensory event-related potentials, (3) brain stem potentials, and (4) cognitive event-related potentials. The performance of the dry electrode compared favorably with that of the standard wet electrodes in terms of skin preparation, no gel requirements (dry), and higher signal-to-noise ratio.[66]
In 1999 researchers at Case Western Reserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio, led by Hunter Peckham, used 64-electrode EEG skullcap to return limited hand movements to quadriplegic Jim Jatich. As Jatich concentrated on simple but opposite concepts like up and down, his beta-rhythm EEG output was analysed using software to identify patterns in the noise. A basic pattern was identified and used to control a switch: Above average activity was set to on, below average off. As well as enabling Jatich to control a computer cursor the signals were also used to drive the nerve controllers embedded in his hands, restoring some movement.[67]
SSVEP mobile EEG BCIs[edit]
In 2009, the NCTU Brain-Computer-Interface-headband was reported. The researchers who developed this BCI-headband also engineered silicon-based MicroElectro-Mechanical System (MEMS) dry electrodes designed for application in non-hairy sites of the body. These electrodes were secured to the DAQ board in the headband with snap-on electrode holders. The signal processing module measured alpha activity and the Bluetooth enabled phone assessed the patients’ alertness and capacity for cognitive performance. When the subject became drowsy, the phone sent arousing feedback to the operator to rouse them. This research was supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan, R.O.C., NSC, National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan's Ministry of Education, and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory.[68]
In 2011, researchers reported a cellular based BCI with the capability of taking EEG data and converting it into a command to cause the phone to ring. This research was supported in part by Abraxis Bioscience LLP, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, and the Army Research Office. The developed technology was a wearable system composed of a four channel bio-signal acquisition/amplification module, a wireless transmission module, and a Bluetooth enabled cell phone. The electrodes were placed so that they pick up steady state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs).[69] SSVEPs are electrical responses to flickering visual stimuli with repetition rates over 6 Hz[69] that are best found in the parietal and occipital scalp regions of the visual cortex.[70] It was reported that with this BCI setup, all study participants were able to initiate the phone call with minimal practice in natural environments.[71]
The scientists claim that their studies using a single channel fast Fourier transform (FFT) and multiple channel system canonical correlation analysis (CCA) algorithm support the capacity of mobile BCIs.[69][72] The CCA algorithm has been applied in other experiments investigating BCIs with claimed high performance in accuracy as well as speed.[73] While the cellular based BCI technology was developed to initiate a phone call from SSVEPs, the researchers said that it can be translated for other applications, such as picking up sensorimotor mu/beta rhythms to function as a motor-imagery based BCI.[69]
In 2013, comparative tests were performed on android cell phone, tablet, and computer based BCIs, analyzing the power spectrum density of resultant EEG SSVEPs. The stated goals of this study, which involved scientists supported in part by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, were to “increase the practicability, portability, and ubiquity of an SSVEP-based BCI, for daily use.” Citation It was reported that the stimulation frequency on all mediums was accurate, although the cell phone's signal demonstrated some instability. The amplitudes of the SSVEPs for the laptop and tablet were also reported to be larger than those of the cell phone. These two qualitative characterizations were suggested as indicators of the feasibility of using a mobile stimulus BCI.[72]
Limitations[edit]
In 2011, researchers stated that continued work should address ease of use, performance robustness, reducing hardware and software costs.[69]
One of the difficulties with EEG readings is the large susceptibility to motion artifacts.[74] In most the previously described research projects, the participants were asked to sit still, reducing head and eye movements as much as possible, and measurements were taken in a laboratory setting. However, since the emphasized application of these initiatives had been in creating a mobile device for daily use,[72] the technology had to be tested in motion.
In 2013, researchers tested mobile EEG-based BCI technology, measuring SSVEPs from participants as they walked on a treadmill at varying speeds. This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research, Army Research Office, and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Stated results were that as speed increased the SSVEP detectability using CCA decreased. As independent component analysis (ICA) had been shown to be efficient in separating EEG signals from noise,[75] the scientists applied ICA to CCA extracted EEG data. They stated that the CCA data with and without ICA processing were similar. Thus, they concluded that CCA independently demonstrated a robustness to motion artifacts that indicates it may be a beneficial algorithm to apply to BCIs used in real world conditions.[70]
Prosthesis and environment control[edit]
Non-invasive BCIs have also been applied to enable brain-control of prosthetic upper and lower extremity devices in people with paralysis. For example, Gert Pfurtscheller of Graz University of Technology and colleagues demonstrated a BCI-controlled functional electrical stimulation system to restore upper extremity movements in a person with tetraplegia due to spinal cord injury.[76] Between 2012 and 2013, researchers at the University of California, Irvine demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to use BCI technology to restore brain-controlled walking after spinal cord injury. In their spinal cord injury research study, a person with paraplegia was able to operate a BCI-robotic gait orthosis to regain basic brain-controlled ambulation.[77][78] In 2009 Alex Blainey, an independent researcher based in the UK, successfully used the Emotiv EPOC to control a 5 axis robot arm.[79] He then went on to make several demonstration mind controlled wheelchairs and home automation that could be operated by people with limited or no motor control such as those with paraplegia and cerebral palsy.
Research into military use of BCIs funded by DARPA has been ongoing since the 1970s.[2][3] The current focus of research is user-to-user communication through analysis of neural signals.[80]
DIY and open source BCI[edit]
In 2001, The OpenEEG Project[81] was initiated by a group of DIY neuroscientists and engineers. The ModularEEG was the primary device created by the OpenEEG community; it was a 6-channel signal capture board that cost between $200 and $400 to make at home. The OpenEEG Project marked a significant moment in the emergence of DIY brain-computer interfacing.
In 2010, the Frontier Nerds of NYU's ITP program published a thorough tutorial titled How To Hack Toy EEGs.[82] The tutorial, which stirred the minds of many budding DIY BCI enthusiasts, demonstrated how to create a single channel at-home EEG with an Arduino and a Mattel Mindflex at a very reasonable price. This tutorial amplified the DIY BCI movement.
In 2013, OpenBCI emerged from a DARPA solicitation and subsequent Kickstarter campaign. They created a high-quality, open-source 8-channel EEG acquisition board, known as the 32bit Board, that retailed for under $500. Two years later they created the first 3D-printed EEG Headset, known as the Ultracortex, as well as a 4-channel EEG acquisition board, known as the Ganglion Board, that retailed for under $100.
MEG and MRI[edit]
ATR Labs' reconstruction of human vision using fMRI (top row: original image; bottom row: reconstruction from mean of combined readings)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have both been used successfully as non-invasive BCIs.[83] In a widely reported experiment, fMRI allowed two users being scanned to play Pong in real-time by altering their haemodynamic response or brain blood flow through biofeedback techniques.[84]
fMRI measurements of haemodynamic responses in real time have also been used to control robot arms with a seven-second delay between thought and movement.[85]
In 2008 research developed in the Advanced Telecommunications Research (ATR) Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto, Japan, allowed the scientists to reconstruct images directly from the brain and display them on a computer in black and white at a resolution of 10x10 pixels. The article announcing these achievements was the cover story of the journal Neuron of 10 December 2008.[86]
In 2011 researchers from UC Berkeley published[87] a study reporting second-by-second reconstruction of videos watched by the study's subjects, from fMRI data. This was achieved by creating a statistical model relating visual patterns in videos shown to the subjects, to the brain activity caused by watching the videos. This model was then used to look up the 100 one-second video segments, in a database of 18 million seconds of random YouTube videos, whose visual patterns most closely matched the brain activity recorded when subjects watched a new video. These 100 one-second video extracts were then combined into a mashed-up image that resembled the video being watched.[88][89][90]
Monkey Brains Game Serial Key Codes
BCI control strategies in neurogaming[edit]
Motor imagery[edit]
Monkey Brains Game Serial Key West
Motor imagery involves the imagination of the movement of various body parts resulting in sensorimotor cortex activation, which modulates sensorimotor oscillations in the EEG. This can be detected by the BCI to infer a user's intent. Motor imagery typically requires a number of sessions of training before acceptable control of the BCI is acquired. These training sessions may take a number of hours over several days before users can consistently employ the technique with acceptable levels of precision. Regardless of the duration of the training session, users are unable to master the control scheme. This results in very slow pace of the gameplay.[91] Advance machine learning methods were recently developed to compute a subject-specific model for detecting the performance of motor imagery. The top performing algorithm from BCI Competition IV[92] dataset 2 for motor imagery is the Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern, developed by Ang et al. from A*STAR, Singapore).[93]
Bio/neurofeedback for passive BCI designs[edit]
Biofeedback is used to monitor a subject's mental relaxation. In some cases, biofeedback does not monitor electroencephalography (EEG), but instead bodily parameters such as electromyography (EMG), galvanic skin resistance (GSR), and heart rate variability (HRV). Many biofeedback systems are used to treat certain disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sleep problems in children, teeth grinding, and chronic pain. EEG biofeedback systems typically monitor four different bands (theta: 4–7 Hz, alpha:8–12 Hz, SMR: 12–15 Hz, beta: 15–18 Hz) and challenge the subject to control them. Passive BCI[38] involves using BCI to enrich human–machine interaction with implicit information on the actual user's state, for example, simulations to detect when users intend to push brakes during an emergency car stopping procedure. Game developers using passive BCIs need to acknowledge that through repetition of game levels the user's cognitive state will change or adapt. Within the first playof a level, the user will react to things differently from during the second play: for example, the user will be less surprised at an event in the game if he/she is expecting it.[91]
Visual evoked potential (VEP)[edit]
A VEP is an electrical potential recorded after a subject is presented with a type of visual stimuli. There are several types of VEPs.
Steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) use potentials generated by exciting the retina, using visual stimuli modulated at certain frequencies. SSVEP's stimuli are often formed from alternating checkerboard patterns and at times simply use flashing images. The frequency of the phase reversal of the stimulus used can be clearly distinguished in the spectrum of an EEG; this makes detection of SSVEP stimuli relatively easy. SSVEP has proved to be successful within many BCI systems. This is due to several factors, the signal elicited is measurable in as large a population as the transient VEP and blink movement and electrocardiographic artefacts do not affect the frequencies monitored. In addition, the SSVEP signal is exceptionally robust; the topographic organization of the primary visual cortex is such that a broader area obtains afferents from the central or fovial region of the visual field. SSVEP does have several problems however. As SSVEPs use flashing stimuli to infer a user's intent, the user must gaze at one of the flashing or iterating symbols in order to interact with the system. It is, therefore, likely that the symbols could become irritating and uncomfortable to use during longer play sessions, which can often last more than an hour which may not be an ideal gameplay.
Another type of VEP used with applications is the P300 potential. The P300 event-related potential is a positive peak in the EEG that occurs at roughly 300 ms after the appearance of a target stimulus (a stimulus for which the user is waiting or seeking) or oddball stimuli. The P300 amplitude decreases as the target stimuli and the ignored stimuli grow more similar.The P300 is thought to be related to a higher level attention process or an orienting response using P300 as a control scheme has the advantage of the participant only having to attend limited training sessions. The first application to use the P300 model was the P300 matrix. Within this system, a subject would choose a letter from a grid of 6 by 6 letters and numbers. The rows and columns of the grid flashed sequentially and every time the selected 'choice letter' was illuminated the user's P300 was (potentially) elicited. However, the communication process, at approximately 17 characters per minute, was quite slow. The P300 is a BCI that offers a discrete selection rather than a continuous control mechanism. The advantage of P300 use within games is that the player does not have to teach himself/herself how to use a completely new control system and so only has to undertake short training instances, to learn the gameplay mechanics and basic use of the BCI paradigm.[91][94]
Synthetic telepathy/silent communication[edit]
In 2010 the DARPA's budget for the fiscal year included $4 million to start up a program called Silent Talk. The goal was to 'allow user-to-user communication on the battlefield without the use of vocalized speech through analysis of neural signals'. The program had three major goals: 1) to attempt to identify electroencephalography patterns unique to individual words, 2) ensure that those patterns are generalizable across users in order to prevent extensive device training, and 3) construct a fieldable pre-prototype that would decode the signal and transmit over a limited range.[95]
In a $6.3 million Army initiative to invent devices for telepathic communication, Gerwin Schalk, underwritten in a $2.2 million grant, found the use of ECoG signals can discriminate the vowels and consonants embedded in spoken and imagined words, shedding light on the distinct mechanisms associated with production of vowels and consonants, and could provide the basis for brain-based communication using imagined speech.[55][96]
In 2002 Kevin Warwick had an array of 100 electrodes fired into his nervous system in order to link his nervous system into the Internet to investigate enhancement possibilities. With this in place Warwick successfully carried out a series of experiments. With electrodes also implanted into his wife's nervous system, they conducted the first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans.[97][98][99][100]
Research into synthetic telepathy using subvocalization is taking place at the University of California, Irvine under lead scientist Mike D'Zmura. The first such communication took place in the 1960s using EEG to create Morse code using brain alpha waves. Using EEG to communicate imagined speech is less accurate than the invasive method of placing an electrode between the skull and the brain.[101] On 27 February 2013 the group with Miguel Nicolelis at Duke University and IINN-ELS successfully connected the brains of two rats with electronic interfaces that allowed them to directly share information, in the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface.[102][103][104]
Cell-culture BCIs[edit]
Researchers have built devices to interface with neural cells and entire neural networks in cultures outside animals. As well as furthering research on animal implantable devices, experiments on cultured neural tissue have focused on building problem-solving networks, constructing basic computers and manipulating robotic devices. Research into techniques for stimulating and recording from individual neurons grown on semiconductor chips is sometimes referred to as neuroelectronics or neurochips.[105]
The world's first Neurochip, developed by Caltech researchers Jerome Pine and Michael Maher
Development of the first working neurochip was claimed by a Caltech team led by Jerome Pine and Michael Maher in 1997.[106] The Caltech chip had room for 16 neurons.
In 2003 a team led by Theodore Berger, at the University of Southern California, started work on a neurochip designed to function as an artificial or prosthetic hippocampus. The neurochip was designed to function in rat brains and was intended as a prototype for the eventual development of higher-brain prosthesis. The hippocampus was chosen because it is thought to be the most ordered and structured part of the brain and is the most studied area. Its function is to encode experiences for storage as long-term memories elsewhere in the brain.[107]
In 2004 Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida used a culture of 25,000 neurons taken from a rat's brain to fly a F-22 fighter jet aircraft simulator.[108] After collection, the cortical neurons were cultured in a petri dish and rapidly began to reconnect themselves to form a living neural network. The cells were arranged over a grid of 60 electrodes and used to control the pitch and yaw functions of the simulator. The study's focus was on understanding how the human brain performs and learns computational tasks at a cellular level.
Ethical considerations[edit]
Sources:[109][110][111][112][113]
User-centric issues[edit]
- long-term effects to the user remain largely unknown
- obtaining informed consent from people who have difficulty communicating,
- the consequences of BCI technology for the quality of life of patients and their families,
- health-related side-effects (e.g. neurofeedback of sensorimotor rhythm training is reported to affect sleep quality),
- therapeutic applications and their potential misuse
Legal and social[edit]
- Issues of accountability and responsibility: claims that the influence of BCIs overrides free will and control over sensory-motor actions, claims that cognitive intention was inaccurately translated due to a BCI malfunction
- Personality changes involved caused by deep-brain stimulation
- blurring of the division between human and machine, inability to distinguish between human vs. machine-controlled actions
- use of the technology in advanced interrogation techniques by governmental authorities,
- selective enhancement and social stratification,
- questions of research ethics that arise when progressing from animal experimentation to application in human subjects,
- mind-reading and privacy,
- mind-control.
In their current form, most BCIs are far removed from the ethical issues considered above. They are actually similar to corrective therapies in function. Clausen stated in 2009 that “BCIs pose ethical challenges, but these are conceptually similar to those that bioethicists have addressed for other realms of therapy”.[109] Moreover, he suggests that bioethics is well-prepared to deal with the issues that arise with BCI technologies. Haselager and colleagues[110] pointed out that expectations of BCI efficacy and value play a great role in ethical analysis and the way BCI scientists should approach media. Furthermore, standard protocols can be implemented to ensure ethically sound informed-consent procedures with locked-in patients.
The case of BCIs today has parallels in medicine, as will its evolution. Much as pharmaceutical science began as a balance for impairments and is now used to increase focus and reduce need for sleep, BCIs will likely transform gradually from therapies to enhancements.[112] Efforts are made inside the BCI community to create consensus on ethical guidelines for BCI research, development and dissemination.[113]
Low-cost BCI-based interfaces[edit]
Recently a number of companies have scaled back medical grade EEG technology (and in one case, NeuroSky, rebuilt the technology from the ground up[clarification needed]) to create inexpensive BCIs. This technology has been built into toys and gaming devices; some of these toys have been extremely commercially successful like the NeuroSky and Mattel MindFlex.
- In 2006 Sony patented a neural interface system allowing radio waves to affect signals in the neural cortex.[114]
- In 2007 NeuroSky released the first affordable consumer based EEG along with the game NeuroBoy. This was also the first large scale EEG device to use dry sensor technology.[115]
- In 2008 OCZ Technology developed a device for use in video games relying primarily on electromyography.[116]
- In 2008 the Final Fantasy developer Square Enix announced that it was partnering with NeuroSky to create a game, Judecca.[117][118]
- In 2009 Mattel partnered with NeuroSky to release the Mindflex, a game that used an EEG to steer a ball through an obstacle course. By far the best selling consumer based EEG to date.[117][119]
- In 2009 Uncle Milton Industries partnered with NeuroSky to release the Star WarsForce Trainer, a game designed to create the illusion of possessing the Force .[117][120]
- In 2009 Emotiv released the EPOC, a 14 channel EEG device that can read 4 mental states, 13 conscious states, facial expressions, and head movements. The EPOC is the first commercial BCI to use dry sensor technology, which can be dampened with a saline solution for a better connection.[121]
- In November 2011 Time Magazine selected 'necomimi' produced by Neurowear as one of the best inventions of the year. The company announced that it expected to launch a consumer version of the garment, consisting of cat-like ears controlled by a brain-wave reader produced by NeuroSky, in spring 2012.[122]
- In February 2014 They Shall Walk (a nonprofit organization fixed on constructing exoskeletons, dubbed LIFESUITs, for paraplegics and quadriplegics) began a partnership with James W. Shakarji on the development of a wireless BCI.[123]
- In 2016, a group of hobbyists developed an open-source BCI board that sends neural signals to the audio jack of a smartphone, dropping the cost of entry-level BCI to £20.[124] Basic diagnostic software is available for Android devices, as well as a text entry app for Unity.[125]
Future directions[edit]
Brain-computer interface
A consortium consisting of 12 European partners has completed a roadmap to support the European Commission in their funding decisions for the new framework program Horizon 2020. The project, which was funded by the European Commission, started in November 2013 and published a roadmap in April 2015.[126] A 2015 publication led by Dr. Clemens Brunner describes some of the analyses and achievements of this project, as well as the emerging Brain-Computer Interface Society.[127] For example, this article reviewed work within this project that further defined BCIs and applications, explored recent trends, discussed ethical issues, and evaluated different directions for new BCIs. As the article notes, their new roadmap generally extends and supports the recommendations from the Future BNCI project managed by Dr. Brendan Allison, which conveys substantial enthusiasm for emerging BCI directions.
Other recent publications too have explored future BCI directions for new groups of disabled users (e.g.,[7][128][129][130][131]). Some prominent examples are summarized below.
Disorders of consciousness (DOC)[edit]
Some persons have a disorder of consciousness (DOC). This state is defined to include persons with coma, as well as persons in a vegetative state (VS) or minimally conscious state (MCS). New BCI research seeks to help persons with DOC in different ways. A key initial goal is to identify patients who are able to perform basic cognitive tasks, which would of course lead to a change in their diagnosis. That is, some persons who are diagnosed with DOC may in fact be able to process information and make important life decisions (such as whether to seek therapy, where to live, and their views on end-of-life decisions regarding them). Some persons who are diagnosed with DOC die as a result of end-of-life decisions, which may be made by family members who sincerely feel this is in the patient's best interests. Given the new prospect of allowing these patients to provide their views on this decision, there would seem to be a strong ethical pressure to develop this research direction to guarantee that DOC patients are given an opportunity to decide whether they want to live.[132][133]
These and other articles describe new challenges and solutions to use BCI technology to help persons with DOC. One major challenge is that these patients cannot use BCIs based on vision. Hence, new tools rely on auditory and/or vibrotactile stimuli. Patients may wear headphones and/or vibrotactile stimulators placed on the wrists, neck, leg, and/or other locations. Another challenge is that patients may fade in and out of consciousness, and can only communicate at certain times. This may indeed be a cause of mistaken diagnosis. Some patients may only be able to respond to physicians' requests during a few hours per day (which might not be predictable ahead of time) and thus may have been unresponsive during diagnosis. Therefore, new methods rely on tools that are easy to use in field settings, even without expert help, so family members and other persons without any medical or technical background can still use them. This reduces the cost, time, need for expertise, and other burdens with DOC assessment. Automated tools can ask simple questions that patients can easily answer, such as 'Is your father named George?' or 'Were you born in the USA?' Automated instructions inform patients that they may convey yes or no by (for example) focusing their attention on stimuli on the right vs. left wrist. This focused attention produces reliable changes in EEG patterns that can help determine that the patient is able to communicate. The results could be presented to physicians and therapists, which could lead to a revised diagnosis and therapy. In addition, these patients could then be provided with BCI-based communication tools that could help them convey basic needs, adjust bed position and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), and otherwise empower them to make major life decisions and communicate.[134][135][136]
Motor recovery[edit]
People may lose some of their ability to move due to many causes, such as stroke or injury. Several groups have explored systems and methods for motor recovery that include BCIs.[137][138][139][140] In this approach, a BCI measures motor activity while the patient imagines or attempts movements as directed by a therapist. The BCI may provide two benefits: (1) if the BCI indicates that a patient is not imagining a movement correctly (non-compliance), then the BCI could inform the patient and therapist; and (2) rewarding feedback such as functional stimulation or the movement of a virtual avatar also depends on the patient's correct movement imagery.
So far, BCIs for motor recovery have relied on the EEG to measure the patient's motor imagery. However, studies have also used fMRI to study different changes in the brain as persons undergo BCI-based stroke rehab training.[141][142] Future systems might include the fMRI and other measures for real-time control, such as functional near-infrared, probably in tandem with EEGs. Non-invasive brain stimulation has also been explored in combination with BCIs for motor recovery.[143]
Functional brain mapping[edit]
Each year, about 400,000 people undergo brain mapping during neurosurgery. This procedure is often required for people with tumors or epilepsy that do not respond to medication.[144] During this procedure, electrodes are placed on the brain to precisely identify the locations of structures and functional areas. Patients may be awake during neurosurgery and asked to perform certain tasks, such as moving fingers or repeating words. This is necessary so that surgeons can remove only the desired tissue while sparing other regions, such as critical movement or language regions. Removing too much brain tissue can cause permanent damage, while removing too little tissue can leave the underlying condition untreated and require additional neurosurgery. Thus, there is a strong need to improve both methods and systems to map the brain as effectively as possible.
Monkey Brains Game Serial Keys
In several recent publications, BCI research experts and medical doctors have collaborated to explore new ways to use BCI technology to improve neurosurgical mapping. This work focuses largely on high gamma activity, which is difficult to detect with non-invasive means. Results have led to improved methods for identifying key areas for movement, language, and other functions. A recent article addressed advances in functional brain mapping and summarizes a workshop.[145]
Flexible devices[edit]
Flexible electronics are polymers or other flexible materials (e.g. silk,[146]pentacene, PDMS, parylene, polyimide[147]) that are printed with circuitry; the flexible nature of the organic background materials allowing the electronics created to bend, and the fabrication techniques used to create these devices resembles those used to create integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).[148] Flexible electronics were first developed in the 1960s and 1970s, but research interest increased in the mid-2000s.[149]
Neural dust[edit]
Neural dust is a term used to refer to millimeter-sized devices operated as wirelessly powered nerve sensors that were proposed in a 2011 paper from the University of California, Berkeley Wireless Research Center, which described both the challenges and outstanding benefits of creating a long lasting wireless BCI.[150][151] In one proposed model of the neural dust sensor, the transistor model allowed for a method of separating between local field potentials and action potential 'spikes', which would allow for a greatly diversified wealth of data acquirable from the recordings.[150]
Long-range radio frequency non-invasive EEG[edit]
Another, quite early noticed technological possibility is to use a carrier wave and negative superposition encoding. The human brain is too weak an emitter for the generated signals to be picked up without scalp-mounted transmitters. However, a blank carrier wave sent from an external sender — or, conveniently several senders for localization and telemetry — could be picked up after passing through the skull and decoded in a remote receiver. Early work on the subject considering the possibility of two-way radio communication was discontinued in civilian science.[152][153]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^Monge-Pereira, Esther; Ibañez-Pereda, Jaime; Alguacil-Diego, Isabel M.; Serrano, Jose I.; Spottorno-Rubio, María P.; Molina-Rueda, Francisco (2017). 'Use of Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interface Systems as a Rehabilitative Approach for Upper Limb Function After a Stroke: A Systematic Review'. PM&R. 9 (9): 918–932. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.04.016. PMID28512066.
- ^Sabathiel, Nikolaus; Irimia, Danut C.; Allison, Brendan Z.; Guger, Christoph; Edlinger, Günter (17 July 2016). Paired Associative Stimulation with Brain-Computer Interfaces: A New Paradigm for Stroke Rehabilitation. Foundations of Augmented Cognition: Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. pp. 261–272. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39955-3_25. ISBN9783319399546.
- ^Riccio, A.; Pichiorri, F.; Schettini, F.; Toppi, J.; Risetti, M.; Formisano, R.; Molinari, M.; Astolfi, L.; Cincotti, F. (2016). Brain-Computer Interfaces: Lab Experiments to Real-World Applications. Progress in Brain Research. 228. pp. 357–387. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.018. ISBN9780128042168. PMID27590975.
- ^Várkuti, Bálint; Guan, Cuntai; Pan, Yaozhang; Phua, Kok Soon; Ang, Kai Keng; Kuah, Christopher Wee Keong; Chua, Karen; Ang, Beng Ti; Birbaumer, Niels (29 May 2012). 'Resting State Changes in Functional Connectivity Correlate With Movement Recovery for BCI and Robot-Assisted Upper-Extremity Training After Stroke'. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 27 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1177/1545968312445910. PMID22645108.
- ^Young, Brittany Mei; Nigogosyan, Zack; Remsik, Alexander; Walton, Léo M.; Song, Jie; Nair, Veena A.; Grogan, Scott W.; Tyler, Mitchell E.; Edwards, Dorothy Farrar (2014). 'Changes in functional connectivity correlate with behavioral gains in stroke patients after therapy using a brain-computer interface device'. Frontiers in Neuroengineering. 7: 25. doi:10.3389/fneng.2014.00025. ISSN1662-6443. PMC4086321. PMID25071547.
- ^Mrachacz-Kersting, N.; Voigt, M.; Stevenson, A.J.T.; Aliakbaryhosseinabadi, S.; Jiang, N.; Dremstrup, K.; Farina, D. (2017). 'The effect of type of afferent feedback timed with motor imagery on the induction of cortical plasticity'. Brain Research. 1674: 91–100. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.025. hdl:10012/12325. PMID28859916.
- ^Radzik, Iwona; Miziak, Barbara; Dudka, Jarosław; Chrościńska-Krawczyk, Magdalena; Czuczwar, Stanisław J. (2015). 'Prospects of epileptogenesis prevention'. Pharmacological Reports. 67 (3): 663–8. doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2015.01.016. PMID25933984.
- ^Ritaccio, Anthony; Brunner, Peter; Gunduz, Aysegul; Hermes, Dora; Hirsch, Lawrence J.; Jacobs, Joshua; Kamada, Kyousuke; Kastner, Sabine; Knight, Robert T.; Lesser, Ronald P.; Miller, Kai; Sejnowski, Terrence; Worrell, Gregory; Schalk, Gerwin (2014). 'Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography'. Epilepsy & Behavior. 41: 183–192. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.015. PMC4268064. PMID25461213.
- ^Kim, DH (2010). 'Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin, conformal bio-integrated electronics'. Nature Materials. 9 (6): 511–517. Bibcode:2010NatMa..9.511K. doi:10.1038/nmat2745. PMC3034223. PMID20400953.
- ^Boppart, SA (1992). 'A flexible perforated microelectrode array for extended neural recording'. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 39 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1109/10.108125. PMID1572679.
- ^Blau, A (August 2011). '5'. Applied Biomedical Engineering. Applied Biomedical Engineering. InTech. pp. 84–122. doi:10.5772/23186. ISBN9789533072562.
- ^Kim, DH (2012). 'Flexible and stretchable electronics for bio-integrated devices'. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 14: 113–128. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150018. PMID22524391.
- ^ abRabaey, J. M. (September 2011). 'Brain-machine interfaces as the new frontier in extreme miniaturization'. 2011 Proceedings of the European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC): 19–24. doi:10.1109/essderc.2011.6044240. ISBN978-1-4577-0707-0.
- ^Warneke, B.; Last, M.; Liebowitz, B.; Pister, K. S. J. (January 2001). 'Smart Dust: communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer'. Computer. 34 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1109/2.895117. ISSN0018-9162.
- ^Apparatus for chronic stimulation of the brain of the rat by radiofrequency transmission. GREER MA, RIGGLE GC.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1957 Feb;9(1):151-5. PMID:13404942
- ^Aggressive behavior evoked by radio stimulation in monkey colonies.Delgado JM.Am Zool. 1966 Nov;6(4):669-81. PMID:4962776
Further reading[edit]
- Brouse, Andrew. 'A Young Person’s Guide to Brainwave Music: Forty years of audio from the human EEG.' eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.
- Gupta, Cota Navin and Ramaswamy Palanappian. 'Using High-Frequency Electroencephalogram in Visual and Auditory-Based Brain-Computer Interface Designs[permanent dead link].' eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.
- Ouzounian, Gascia. 'The Biomuse Trio in Conversation: An Interview with R. Benjamin Knapp and Eric Lyon.' eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brain-computer interfaces. |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain–computer_interface&oldid=911693304'
(Redirected from List of UK television series)
This is a list of British television programmes. It does not include foreign-made imports.
English language[edit]
0–9[edit]
- 1 vs. 100 – game show
- 10 O'Clock Live – comedy/news
- 10 Years Younger (UK) – makeover
- The 11 O'Clock Show – satire, comedy
- 15 Storeys High – sitcom
- 100% – game show
- 100 Greatest Sexy Moments – documentary
- 101 Dalmatian Street – animated
- 101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow – game show
- 199 Park Lane – soap opera
- The 1900 House – historical
- The 1940s House – historical/reality
- 1990 – science fiction
- 2point4 Children – sitcom
- 24 Hours in A&E – medical documentary
- 24 Hours in Police Custody – police documentary
- 24Seven – children's
- 29 Minutes of Fame – panel game
- 2DTV – animation comedy
- 3rd & Bird – children's
- 4 O'Clock Club – children's drama
- 5 News – news
- 50–50 – game show
- 60 Minute Makeover – reality
- 8:15 from Manchester – children's magazine
- 8 Out of 10 Cats – panel game
- 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown – panel game
- 999 – reality
- The £100K Drop – game show/quiz show
A[edit]
- A for Andromeda – science fiction
- AD/BC: A Rock Opera – rock opera/comedy/spoof
- Aaagh! It's the Mr. Hell Show! – animated comedy
- Above Suspicion – crime drama
- Absolutely Fabulous – sitcom
- Absolute Genius with Dick & Dom – children's factual
- Absolute Power – comedy
- Ace Lightning – children's/action/comedy
- Ace of Wands – children's
- Ackley Bridge – drama
- Adam Adamant Lives! – action drama
- Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years – comedy drama
- The Adventurer – action drama
- The Adventure Game – game show
- The Adventures of Abney & Teal – children's
- The Adventures of Parsley – children's
- The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes – detective drama
- The Adventures of Sir Lancelot – historical/fantasy drama
- The Adventures of Spot – animated
- The Adventures of William Tell – children's historical drama
- Africa – nature documentary
- After Dark – discussion programme
- After Henry – sitcom
- After You've Gone – comedy
- Afterlife – supernatural thriller
- The Afternoon Play – drama
- Agatha Christie's Marple – detective drama
- Agatha Christie's Partners in Crime – detective drama
- Agatha Christie's Poirot – detective drama
- Agatha Christie's The Secret Adversary – detective drama
- Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars – sitcom
- Agony – sitcom
- Ain't Misbehavin' – sitcom
- Airline (1982) – docusoap
- Airline (1998) – fly on the wall
- Airport – docusoap
- Al Murray's Compete for the Meat – game show
- Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled – talk show
- Alan Partridge: Welcome to the Places of My Life – comedy/mockumentary
- Alas Smith and Jones – comedy sketch show
- Alaska: Earth's Frozen Kingdom – nature documentary
- Albion Market – soap opera
- Alcock and Gander – sitcom
- Alexander Armstrong's Big Ask – comedy
- Alexei Sayle's Stuff – comedy sketch show
- Alfresco – sketch comedy
- All About George – sitcom
- All About Me – sitcom
- All Creatures Great and Small – drama
- All Gas and Gaiters – sitcom
- All New Blockbusters – game show
- All Our Yesterdays – history
- All Round to Mrs. Brown's – comedy/talk show
- All Star Family Fortunes – game show
- All*Star Cup – sport
- All the Small Things – drama
- 'Allo 'Allo! – sitcom
- Alphabet Castle – children's
- Alphabet Zoo – children's
- Alphablocks – children's/animated
- Alys – drama
- The Amazing Mrs Pritchard – drama
- The Amazing World of Gumball – youth/animated children's/comedy
- Amazon – reality television/documentary
- Amazon Abyss – nature documentary
- Ambassadors – comedy drama
- ..And Mother Makes Five – sitcom
- ..And Mother Makes Three – sitcom
- And Then You Die – panel game show
- Andes to Amazon – nature documentary
- The Andromeda Breakthrough – science fiction
- Andy Pandy – children's
- The Angel – business/game show
- Angelina Ballerina – animated
- Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps – animated
- Angelo's – sitcom
- Angels – medical drama
- Animal Babies – nature documentary
- Animal Kwackers – children's
- Animal Magic – children's/wildlife
- Animal Mechanicals – animated
- Animal Park – wildlife documentary
- Animal Stories – animated
- Animalia – children's
- Animanimals – animated/children's
- Anna Karenina (1977)
- Anna Karenina (2000) – drama
- Anna Lee – drama
- Anne of Green Gables – comedy
- Antiques Roadshow – antiques show
- Any Dream Will Do – talent search show
- Any Human Heart – drama
- The Aphrodite Inheritance – drama
- Apparitions – serial/drama/mystery
- Apple Tree House – drama
- The Appleyards – soap opera
- The Apprentice – reality television
- Aquarius – arts
- Are We Changing Planet Earth? – nature documentary
- Are You Being Served? – sitcom
- Are You Smarter than A 10 Year Old? (UK) – game show
- Arena – documentary
- Argumental – comedy
- The Armando Iannucci Shows – comedy
- Armchair Theatre – drama anthology
- The Army Game – sitcom
- Arrange Me a Marriage – reality television
- Arrows – music
- Art Attack – children's art
- Arthur & George – drama
- Arthur of the Britons – adventure
- As If – teen drama
- As the Bell Rings – sitcom
- As Time Goes By – situation comedy
- The Ascent of Man – documentary
- Ashes to Ashes – police drama/sci-fi/fantasy
- Ask the Family – game show
- Astro Farm – animated children's
- Asylum – comedy (1996)
- Asylum – comedy (2015)
- At Home with the Braithwaites – comedy drama
- Atlantic: The Wildest Ocean on Earth – nature documentary
- Atlantis – adventure/fantasy
- Atlantis High – comedy drama
- Auf Wiedersehen, Pet – comedy drama
- The Avengers – fantasy/sci-fi
B[edit]
- The Baby Borrowers – reality television
- Baby Jake – children's
- Backchat – talk show
- Baddiel's Syndrome – comedy
- Badger – drama
- Bad Education – comedy
- Bad Girls – drama
- The Bachelor – reality/drama
- Bagpuss – children's
- Baggage – dating game show
- Balamory – children's
- Balls of Steel – comedy, game show
- Ballykissangel – drama
- Banana – drama, comedy
- Band of Brothers – war
- Band of Gold – drama
- Bang, Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer – comedy
- The Bank Job – game show
- Banzai – comedy
- Barbara – sitcom
- The Barchester Chronicles – drama
- Bargain Hunt – game show
- Barking – sketch comedy
- Barlow – detective series spin-off from Z Cars
- The Baron – adventure
- The Basil Brush Show – children's
- Batteries Not Included – comedy
- Battle of the Brains – quiz show
- BBC-3 – satirical comedy
- BBC News – news
- BBC Wildlife Specials – nature documentary
- BBC World News – news
- Beadle's About – hidden camera stunts
- Bear Behaving Badly – children's
- The Bear Family & Me – nature documentary
- The Beat of London – variety
- Beasts – horror
- Beat the Clock – game show
- Beat the Crusher – game show
- Beat the Star – game show
- Beat the Teacher – game show
- Beautiful People – comedy drama
- Beauty and the Geek (UK) – reality television
- Beauty School Cop Outs – reality television
- Beaver Falls – comedy drama
- Becoming Human – supernatural drama
- The Bed-Sit Girl – sitcom
- Bedlam – drama/thriller/mystery
- Beehive – comedy
- The Beeps – animated pre-school children's
- Beggar My Neighbour – sitcom
- The Beiderbecke Affair – drama
- The Beiderbecke Connection – drama
- The Beiderbecke Tapes – drama
- Being Human – supernatural horror dramedy
- Believe Nothing – situation comedy
- Bellamy's Backyard Safari – nature documentary
- Bellamy's People – comedy
- Belonging – welsh regional drama
- Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom – animated
- Ben Elton: The Man from Auntie – comedy
- The Ben Elton Show – comedy
- Benidorm – sitcom
- The Benny Hill Show – comedy/satire
- Beowulf: Return to the Shieldlands – fantasy/drama
- Bergerac – drama/action
- Bertha – children's stop motion
- Between the Lines – crime drama
- Big & Small – children's comedy
- The Big Bang – children's
- The Big Big Talent Show – talent show
- Big Break – sports game show
- The Big Breakfast – entertainment
- Big Brother – reality television series
- The Big Call – game show
- Big Cat Diary – nature documentary
- Big City Park – puppet show
- Big Deal – comedy-drama
- Big Fat Gypsy Weddings – documentary
- The Big Fat Quiz of the Year – panel game
- The Big Impression – comedy/sketch show
- Big Kids – children's drama
- The Big Knights – children's/animated/comedy
- The Big Reunion – reality/documentary
- Big Ron Manager – documentary
- Big School – sitcom
- Big Star's Biggest Star – entertainment/game show
- Big Star's Little Star – entertainment/game show
- Big Ticket – game show
- Big Train – comedy sketch show
- The Biggest Loser – reality
- Bigheads – game show
- The Bill – police drama/soap opera
- Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School – children's comedy
- Bingo Night Live – interactive bingo
- BingoLotto – entertainment/game show
- Bird of Prey – drama
- Birds in the Bush – sitcom
- Birds of a Feather – sitcom
- Birdsong – drama
- The Bisexual – comedy/drama
- A Bit of Fry & Laurie – comedy sketch show
- Bizarre ER – documentary
- The Black Adder – sitcome
- Black and Blue – comedy/drama
- The Black and White Minstrel Show – variety show
- Black Arrow – children's adventure series
- Black Books – sitcom
- Black Mirror – sci-fi/anthology
- Blackadder II – sitcom
- Blackadder the Third – sitcom
- Blackadder Goes Forth – sitcom
- Blackeyes – drama
- Blackpool – musical/comedy drama
- Blake's 7 – science fiction
- Blandings – sitcom
- Blankety Blank – game show
- Bleak House – TV serial
- The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff – sitcom
- Bless This House – sitcom
- Blessed – comedy
- Blind Date – game show
- Blips – children's
- The Block – game show
- Blockbusters – game show
- Bloodlines – thriller
- Blott on the Landscape – comedy drama
- Blue Murder – drama/crime
- Blue Peter – children's
- The Blue Planet – nature documentary
- Blue Planet II – nature documentary
- Blunder – comedy
- Broadchurch – crime, drama, mystery 2013-now
- Bo' Selecta! – comedy
- Bob & Rose – comedy drama
- Bob and Margaret – animated/comedy
- The Bob Monkhouse Show – comedy/talk show
- Bob the Builder – children's
- Bob's Full House – game show
- Bod – children's animation
- Bodger and Badger – children's
- Bodies – medical drama
- The Body Farm – police procedural
- The Body in Question – medical
- Bodyguard – drama
- Bognor or Bust – panel game
- Bonekickers – drama
- Bonkers – comedy drama
- Boo! – children's
- Boohbah – children's
- The Book Quiz – panel game
- The Book Tower – children's
- Bookaboo – children's
- Boom – children's
- Boomers – comedy
- Boon – crime drama
- The Borgias – historical drama
- Bottom – sitcom
- The Bounder – sitcom
- Bounty Hunters – comedy drama
- Bouquet of Barbed Wire – drama
- Bowler – crime/sitcom
- The Box of Delights – children's
- Boy Meets Girl – sitcom
- Boyd Q.C. – courtroom drama
- Boys from the Blackstuff – drama
- Brainiac's Test Tube Baby – documentary/reality television
- The Brains Trust – panel game
- BrainTeaser – game show/quiz show
- Brambly Hedge – children's
- Bramwell – drama
- Brass – sitcome
- Brass Eye – mockumentary
- Brass Tacks – factual series
- Brat Camp – reality television
- Brat Farrar – mini series
- Bread – sitcom
- Break the Safe – game show
- Breakfast News – news
- Breathless – period drama
- Brief Encounters – drama
- The Brighton Belles – comedy
- Bring Me Morecambe & Wise – documentary
- Bring Me the Head of Light Entertainment – comedy
- Brit Cops – reality television
- Britain's Best Brain – game show
- Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty – documentary
- Britain's Brainiest Kid – game show
- Britain's Brightest – game show
- Britain's Got Talent – reality/talent show
- Britain's Hardest – game show
- Britain's Missing Top Model – reality show
- Britain's Next Top Model – reality show
- Britain's Secret Treasures – documentary
- Britannia – period drama
- Britannia High – teen/musical drama
- British Isles - A Natural History – nature documentary
- Brideshead Revisited – drama
- The Brittas Empire – sitcom
- Broadchurch – crime drama
- Bromwell High – animated children's
- Brookside – serial drama
- The Brothers – drama
- Brothers in Law – sitcom
- Bruiser – comedy sketch show
- Brum – children's
- Brush Strokes – sitcom
- A Brush with Fame – art show
- The Bubble – comedy/game show
- Buddy – school drama
- Budgie – comedy drama
- Budgie the Little Helicopter – children's
- Bugs – science fiction / action-adventure
- Bull – sitcom
- Bulletproof – drama
- Bullseye – game show
- Buried – drama
- Burn It – drama
- Burn Up – drama
- Burnside – police drama
- Bus Life – sitcom
- Business Centre Europe – news
- Butterflies – sitcom
- Butterfly – sitcom
- Button Moon – children's
- By Any Means (2008) – Documentary
- By Any Means (2013) – Crime drama
- By the Sword Divided – drama
- Byker Grove – children's/teen drama
C[edit]
- C.A.B. – children's
- CI5: The New Professionals – action/crime drama
- Cadfael – detective drama
- The Café – sitcom
- Café Continental – variety show
- California Dreaming – reality television
- Call My Bluff – game show
- Call the Midwife – drama
- Callan – action/crime drama
- Camberwick Green – children's
- Camelot – historical drama
- Campion – mystery drama
- Campus – sitcom
- Can You Teach My Alligator Manners? – children's
- Candid Camera – hidden camera stunts
- Canned Carrott – comedy
- Cape Wrath – drama
- Capital City – drama
- Captain Pugwash – children's
- Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons – science fiction
- Captain Zed and the Zee Zone – children's animated
- Cardiac Arrest – medical drama
- Carpool – chat show
- Carrie and Barry – comedy
- Carrie's War – children's
- Carrott's Lib – satirical comedy
- Casanova (1971) – drama
- Casanova (2005) – comedy drama
- Case Histories – crime drama
- Case Sensitive – crime drama
- Cash Cab – game show
- Cash in the Attic – antiques
- Castle Farm – children's
- Castle Haven – soap opera
- Castles – drama
- Casualty – medical drama
- Casualty 1900s – medical drama
- Casualty@Holby City – medical drama
- The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That! – children's
- Catastrophe (2008) – documentary
- Catastrophe (2015) – sitcom
- Catchphrase – game show
- Catchword – game show
- The Catherine Tate Show – comedy sketch show
- Catherine the Great – drama
- Cathy Come Home – social drama
- Cats' Eyes – children's
- C.A.T.S. Eyes – action drama
- Catterick – comedy
- Catweazle – children's
- Cause Célèbre – drama
- CD:UK – music
- The Cedar Tree – soap opera
- CelebAir – reality television
- Celebrity Big Brother (UK) – reality television series
- Celebrity Fit Club – reality television
- Celebrity Juice – comedy/panel game
- Celebrity MasterChef – competition cooking show
- Celebrity Squares – comedy game show/panel game
- Celebrity Super Spa – reality television
- Century Falls – thriller/drama/horror
- Chain Letters – game show
- Chalk – situation comedy
- Challenge Anneka – entertainment
- Champion Blockbusters – game show
- The Champions – drama
- Chandler and Company
- The Changes – fantasy
- Changing Rooms – lifestyle
- The Channel Four Daily – breakfast television
- Chaos at the Chateau – reality
- Charlie and Lola – children's/animated
- Charlie Brooker's Gameswipe – game show
- Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe – stories/commentary
- Charlie Brooker's Weekly Wipe – review
- Charlie Chalk – stop motion
- The Chart Show – music
- Charters and Caldicott – mystery
- Chartjackers – documentary/reality television
- The Chase – drama
- The Chase – game show/quiz show
- Chased by Dinosaurs – documentary
- Chef! – situation comedy
- Chelmsford 123 – comedy
- Chernobyl – drama
- Chewing Gum – sitcom
- Chickens – sitcom
- Child's Play – game show
- Children of the Stones – science fiction
- Children's Emergency – documentary
- Children's Ward – children's medical drama
- The Chinese Detective – police drama
- Chinese Food Made Easy – cooking
- The Chinese Puzzle – children's/thriller/adventure
- Chip and Potato – animated/children's
- Chloe's Closet – animated/children's
- The Choir – documentary/reality television
- The Choir: Sing While You Work – reality/documentary
- Chuggington – children's
- Chock-A-Block – children's
- Chocky – science fiction
- Chocky's Challenge – science fiction
- Chocky's Children – science fiction
- Chop Socky Chooks – comedy/action/fantasy/animated
- Christabel – drama
- A Christmas Carol – fantasy
- The Chronicles of Narnia – fantasy
- ChuckleVision – situation comedy
- CI5: The New Professionals – crime drama
- Cirque de Celebrité – celebrity/reality television
- The Citadel – drama
- Citizen Khan – sitcom
- Citizen Smith – situation comedy
- City Central – police drama
- City Hospital – medical documentary
- City of Vice – drama
- The Clairvoyant – sitcom
- Clangers – children's
- Clarence – situation comedy
- Clarissa – period drama
- Class – science fiction
- Cleaning Up – drama
- Cleverdicks – game show
- Clifford the Big Red Dog – animated
- Clique – drama/thriller
- Clocking Off – drama
- Clone – comedy
- Close to Home – sitcom
- Cluedo – game show
- Coach Trip – reality
- Coast – documentary
- The Code – documentary
- Codex – quiz show
- Cold Feet – drama
- Cold Lazarus – drama/science fiction
- Colditz (1972) – historical drama
- Colditz (2005) – drama
- The Collection – drama
- The Colour of Money – game show
- Come and Have a Go If You Think You're Smart Enough – game show
- Come Back Mrs. Noah – sitcom
- Come Dancing – dance contest
- Come Date with Me – reality
- Come Dine with Me – reality/cooking
- Come Fly with Me – comedy/mockumentary
- Come Outside – children's/educational
- Comedy Lab – comedy
- Comedy Playhouse – comedy anthology
- Comic Relief Does Fame Academy – reality/talent show
- Comic Relief Does The Apprentice – reality television
- Comic Roots – biography
- Coming of Age – sitcom
- The Comic Strip Presents – comedy anthology
- The Commander – police drama
- Common As Muck – comedy drama
- Compact – soap opera
- Cone Zone – sitcom
- Congo – nature documentary
- Connections – documentary
- Connie – drama
- Connie the Cow – children's
- The Contender Challenge: UK vs. USA – sports
- Conviction – crime drama
- ..Cooks! – cookery
- The Cops – drama
- Cop Squad – documentary
- Coppers – documentary
- Coronation Street – soap opera
- Count Arthur Strong – sitcom
- Countdown – quiz show
- Counterfeit Cat – science fiction/comedy
- Counterstrike – science fiction
- Coupling – situation comedy
- Cousins – nature documentary
- Countryfile - nature
- Crackanory – comedy
- Cracker – psychological drama
- Crackerjack – children's variety
- The Cramp Twins – comedy/animated
- Crane – drama
- Cranford – comedy drama
- Crash – medical drama
- Crashing – comedy drama
- The Crezz – drama
- Cribb – crime/mystery
- Crime and Punishment
- Crime Traveller – science fiction, detective drama
- Criminal Justice – thriller/drama/legal
- Criss Cross Quiz – game show
- Crocodile Shoes – drama
- Crooked House – mystery drama
- Crossroads – soap opera
- Crosswits – game show
- The Crouches – sitcom
- The Crown – drama
- Crown Court – legal drama
- The Crystal Cube – mockumentary
- The Crystal Maze – game show
- The Cube – game show
- Cuckoo – sitcom
- The Cuckoo Waltz – sitcom
- Cucumber – drama, comedy
- Cuffs – police procedural
- Cuffy – sitcom
- The Cup – mockumentary/comedy
- Curry and Chips – situation comedy
D[edit]
- Da Ali G Show – satirical
- Da Vinci's Demons – drama/fantasy/adventure
- Dad's Army – situation comedy
- Dale's Supermarket Sweep – game show
- Dalgliesh – police drama
- Dalziel & Pascoe – crime drama
- The Dame Edna Treatment – talk show
- Damon and Debbie – drama
- Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future – animation
- DanceX – reality television
- Dancing on Ice – talent show
- Danger! 50,000 Volts! – survival
- Danger Man – adventure drama/espionage
- Danger Mouse (1981) – children's
- Danger Mouse (2015) – action/adventure/comedy
- Danger UXB – action drama
- The Dangerous Brothers – situation comedy
- Dani's Castle – sitcom
- Dani's House – children's
- Daniel Deronda – drama
- DanTDM Creates a Big Scene – live-action animation
- Dappledown Farm – children's
- Dara Ó Briain: School of Hard Sums – comedy
- Dara O Briain's Go 8 Bit – comedy panel game
- The Darling Buds of May – comedy/drama
- Dark Knight – action/adventure
- A Dark-Adapted Eye – drama
- The Dark: Nature's Nighttime World – nature documentary
- Dark Angel – crime drama/thriller
- The Dark Angel
- Dark Season – teen drama/science fiction
- The Dark Side of the Sun – drama
- Date My Mom (UK) – dating game show
- Dates – drama
- Dating in the Dark – dating game show
- Dave Gorman: Modern Life is Goodish – stand-up comedy
- Dave's One Night Stand – stand-up comedy
- The Day Today – news spoof/comedy/satire
- A Day with Dana – chat show
- Days Like These – comedy
- DCI Banks – crime drama
- Dead Boss – sitcom
- Dead Gorgeous
- Dead of Night – anthology series/supernatural fiction
- Dead Ringers – comedy/satire
- Dead Set – horror drama
- Deadline (1995) – documentary
- Deadline (2007) – reality television
- Deadly – wildlife documentary
- Deal or No Deal – game show
- Dear John – situation comedy
- Dear Mother..Love Albert – sitcom
- Death Comes to Pemberley – drama
- Death in Paradise – crime/drama/comedy
- Decline and Fall – comedy drama
- The Deep – drama
- Deep Secrets
- Defying Gravity – drama/science fiction
- Delta Wave – children's
- The Demon Headmaster – children's
- Dempsey & Makepeace – action drama
- Dennis & Gnasher: Unleashed! – animated
- Dennis the Menace and Gnasher (1996) – animated
- Dennis the Menace and Gnasher (2009) – animated
- Department S – action drama
- Demons – supernatural drama/horror
- Derek – comedy drama
- Derry Girls – comedy
- Desperate Scousewives – reality television
- The Detectives – situation comedy
- The Devil's Dinner Party – reality game show
- Dial M – rock music
- Diamonds – drama
- The Diary of Anne Frank (1987) – drama
- The Diary of Anne Frank (2009) – drama
- Dick & Dom in da Bungalow – children's comedy game show
- Dickinson's Real Deal – antique show
- Dickens of London – drama
- Dickensian – drama
- Dice – drama
- Die Kinder – thriller
- Digby Dragon – animated
- Dinnerladies – situation comedy
- Dino Babies – animated
- Dinosapien – science fiction/fantasy
- Dipdap – children's
- Dirty Money – game show
- Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life – reality television
- Disappearing World – documentary
- Discovery – documentary
- Disney's CyberStar – children's
- Disney Time – children's
- Disraeli – drama
- Distant Shores – comedy drama
- Distraction – game show
- The District Nurse – drama
- Divided – game show
- Dixon of Dock Green – police drama
- The DJ Kat Show – children's
- Do Not Adjust Your Set – comedy show, originally for children
- Do You Still Wish You Were Here..? – holiday travel
- Doc Martin – comedy drama
- Doctor, Doctor – daily show
- Doctor at Large – comedy
- Doctor at Sea – comedy
- Doctor at the Top – comedy
- Doctor Finlay – medical drama
- Doctor Finlay's Casebook – medical drama
- Doctor in Charge – comedy
- Doctor in the House – comedy
- Doctor on the Go – comedy
- Doctor Who – science fiction
- Doctor Who: The David Tennant Specials – 2010 mini series
- Doctors – soap opera
- The Doctors – drama
- Doctors to Be – documentary
- Doctors to Be: 20 Years On – documentary
- Dog Eat Dog – game show
- Dolphins - Spy in the Pod – factual
- Don't Ask Me – science information
- Don't Drink the Water – sitcom
- Don't Forget the Lyrics! (UK) – game show
- Don't Forget Your Toothbrush – game show/light entertainment
- Don't Stop Believing – reality television/talent show
- Don't Stop Me Now – talent show/game show
- Don't Tell the Bride – reality
- Don't Wait Up – comedy
- Doomwatch – science fictional
- The Door – reality television
- Double Dare – game show
- Double Your Money – game show
- Down to Earth (1995) – situation comedy
- Down to Earth (2000) – comedy drama
- Downton Abbey – historical drama
- Dr. Finlay's Casebook – comedy drama
- Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – drama
- Dr. Terrible's House of Horrible – comedy/horror
- Dracula – horror drama/thriller
- Dragons Alive – nature documentary
- Dragons' Den – business
- Dramarama – children's
- Dream Stuffing – sitcom
- Dream Team – drama
- Drive – reality game show
- The Driver – crime drama
- Drop Dead Gorgeous – comedy drama
- Drop the Dead Donkey – comedy/satire
- Drunk History – comedy
- The Dublin Murders – drama/crime
- Dude, That's My Ghost! – comedy/supernatural
- The Duchess of Duke Street – historical drama
- Duck Quacks Don't Echo – comedy/panel game show
- Dumber & Dumberest – comedy show
- The Dumping Ground – children's/comedy drama
- The Dumping Ground Survival Files – children's/comedy drama
- The Durrells – biography/drama
- Duty Free – situation comedy
- Dying Day
E[edit]
- Early Doors – sitcom
- Earth's Greatest Spectacles – nature documentary
- Earth's Seasonal Secrets – nature documentary
- Earthflight – nature documentary
- EastEnders – soap opera
- EastEnders: E20 – soap opera
- Ebb and Flo – animated children's
- Echo Beach – soap opera
- Ed vs. Spencer – game show
- Eddie Stobart: Trucks & Trailers – documentary
- Edge of Darkness – thriller
- Educating Archie – sitcom
- Educating Joey Essex – reality television
- Edward & Mrs. Simpson – historical drama
- The Edwardian Country House – reality
- Eldorado – soap opera
- Elephant Family & Me – nature documentary
- Eleventh Hour – drama
- Elizabeth I (2005) – historical drama
- Elizabeth I (2017) – docudrama
- Elizabeth R – historical drama
- Embarrassing Bodies – medical
- Emergency – Ward 10 – medical drama
- Emergency with Angela Griffin – documentary
- Emma (1972) – serial
- Emma (2009) – drama
- Emmerdale – soap opera
- Empire Road – drama
- Empty – comedy
- The End of the F***ing World – comedy drama
- Endeavour – crime drama
- Enemy at the Door – historical drama
- Engie Benjy – children's
- The Enigma Files – detective
- Episodes – sitcom
- Equinox – science series
- The Escape Artist – drama thriller
- Escape to the Country – reality
- Eternal Law – fantasy drama
- Europe: A Natural History – nature documentary
- Europe This Week – news
- Europe Today – talk show/news
- Europe Tonight – news
- European Closing Bell – news
- European Market Watch – news/talk show
- European Market Wrap – news
- Ever Decreasing Circles – situation comedy
- The Evermoor Chronicles – fantasy/sitcom/mystery/comedy-drama
- Every Second Counts – game show
- Ex on the Beach – reality television
- The Exit List – game show
- Expedition Borneo – nature documentary
- Extraordinary People (1992) – documentary
- Extraordinary People (2003) – documentary
- Extras – situation comedy
- Extreme A&E – medical documentary
- Extreme Mountain Challenge – nature documentary
F[edit]
- The F Word – cooking show/food magazine
- FAQ U – broadcast
- Fabian of the Yard – police drama
- The Face – reality television
- Facejacker – comedy
- The Fades – horror drama
- Fairly Secret Army – situation comedy
- Fairy Tales – drama
- Fake or Fortune? – documentary
- Faking It – makeover/challenge show/reality television
- Falcón – crime drama
- The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin – situation comedy
- The Fall – crime drama
- Fall of Eagles – historical drama
- Fame Academy – talent show/reality
- Families – soap opera
- Family – crime drama
- The Family (1974) – reality/documentary
- The Family (2008) – reality/documentary
- Family Affairs (1949) – comedy
- Family Affairs (1959)
- Family Affairs (1997) – soap opera
- A Family at War – drama
- Family Business – drama
- Family Catchphrase – game show
- Family Food Fight – cooking
- Family Fortunes – game show
- The Family Man – medical drama
- The Family-Ness – children's
- Family Pride – soap opera
- Family Tree – documentary-style/comedy
- Famous and Fearless – reality television
- The Farm – reality television
- Farmer Wants a Wife – reality television
- The Fashion Show – fashion
- The Fast Show – comedy/satire
- Fat Dog Mendoza – comedy/fantasy/animated
- Fat Families – documentary
- Fat Friends – drama
- Father, Dear Father – sitcom
- Father Brown (1974) – detective drama
- Father Brown (1982) – detective drama
- Father Brown (2013) – detective drama
- Father Ted – situation comedy
- Fawlty Towers – situation comedy (1975-9)
- Fax – factual series
- Fear, Stress & Anger – sitcom
- Fear Factor – game show
- Feel the Fear – children's
- The Fenn Street Gang – sitcom
- Fiddlers Three – situation comedy
- Fiddley Foodle Bird – animated children's
- Fifi and the Flowertots – animated children's
- Fifteen to One – quiz show
- Fight for Life – health
- FightBox – game show
- Filthy Rich & Catflap – situation comedy
- The Final Cut – drama
- A Fine Romance – situation comedy
- Fireman Sam – children's
- The First – drama
- The First Churchills – history
- First Class – game show
- First Cut – documentary
- The First Eden – nature documentary
- The First Lady – drama
- First Life – nature documentary
- First of the Summer Wine – comedy
- Fist of Fun – comedy
- The Fitz – sitcom
- The Five – mystery
- Five News – news
- Five News At 7 – news
- Five News World Cup Report – news
- The Fix – celebrity
- The Fixer – drama
- Flambards – period drama
- The Flame Trees of Thika – historical drama
- Fleabag – drama
- The Flipside of Dominick Hide – science fiction
- Flog It! – antiques show
- Floogals – live-action/animated
- Floodtide – crime drama
- Florrie's Dragons – animated/children's
- Flower Pot Men – children's
- The Flumps – children's
- Flying Squad – documentary
- FM – situation comedy
- Fonejacker – comedy sketch show
- Football's Next Star – sports/reality television
- Footballers' Wives – drama
- Footballers' Wives: Extra Time – spin-off drama
- Forgotten
- Fort Boyard – game show
- For the Children – children's series
- For the Love of Ada – sitcom
- For the Rest of Your Life – game show
- Forever Green – family drama
- Fortitude – psychological thriller
- The Forsyte Saga (1967) – drama
- The Forsyte Saga (2002) – drama
- The Forsyte Saga: To Let – drama
- Fortune: Million Pound Giveaway – reality television
- The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders – drama
- Fortunes of War – drama
- The Fosters – sitcom
- Four in a Bed – reality television game show
- Four Weddings – lifestyle/reality/game show
- Fox – drama
- Foyle's War – police drama
- Fraggle Rock – children's
- The Frankenstein Chronicles – crime drama
- Frankie – drama
- Franny's Feet – children's/animated
- Free Agents – comedy
- Free Rein – children's
- Freewheelers – children's action series
- Freezing – comedy
- French and Saunders – comedy sketch show
- Fresh Fields – situation comedy
- Fresh Meat – comedy drama
- Freshly Squeezed – breakfast television
- Friday Night Dinner – comedy
- The Friday Night Project – comedy/chat show
- Friday Night with Jonathan Ross – comedy/entertainment
- Fried – comedy
- Fruit Fancies – comedy
- Fry's Planet Word – documentary
- From There to Here – drama
- Frozen Planet – nature documentary
- Full House – sitcom
- Fun House – children's game show
- Funky Valley – children's
- Funland – comedy/thriller
- The Furchester Hotel – puppet
G[edit]
- Gadget Geeks – technology
- The Gadget Show – factual
- Galápagos – nature documentary
- Gallowglass – drama
- The Game – thriller, drama
- Game, Set, and Match
- Game for a Laugh – hidden camera stunts
- Game On – situation comedy
- Game of Thrones – (aventure) 11-now
- Gamer.tv – video games
- The Games – reality television
- Games World – entertainment/video game
- Gameshow Marathon – game show
- Gamezville – video games
- Gangs of London – action/drama
- Ganges – nature documentary
- Gangsters – drama
- The Garage – documentary/reality television
- Gardeners' World – factual
- Garnock Way – soap opera
- Garrow's Law – legal drama
- Garth Marenghi's Darkplace – comedy (spoof)
- Gash – comedy
- Gaspard and Lisa – children's/animated
- Gavin & Stacey – comedy/drama
- Gems – soap opera
- Genie in the House – children's comedy/drama
- Genius – comedy game show
- General Hospital – drama
- The Generation Game – game show
- The Gentle Touch – police drama
- Gentleman Jack – drama
- Geordie Shore – reality television
- George and Mildred – situation comedy
- George and the Dragon – situation comedy
- The Georgian House – children's supernatural
- Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet – action-adventure
- Get a Grip – satirical comedy
- Get Lost! – drama
- Get Real – sitcom
- Get Some In! – sitcom
- Getting On – comedy
- The Ghost Hunter – fantasy drama
- The Ghosts of Motley Hall – children's supernatural
- Gideon's Way – police drama
- Gimme Gimme Gimme – situation comedy
- The Ginger Tree – period drama
- The Gingerbread Man – children's stop motion
- Give Us a Clue – panel game
- Girl Friday – reality television
- Girlfriends (2012) – reality television
- Girlfriends (2018) – drama
- Girls Aloud: Off the Record – reality television
- Girls in Love – children's drama
- Gladiators (Original) – game show
- Gladiators (Revival) – game show
- Globe Trekker – travel/adventure
- Go For It – game show
- God's Gift – game show
- Gods in the Sky – history
- Gogglebox – reality
- Gogs – clay animation/animation style
- Going, Going, Gone – antiques quiz show
- Going for Gold – game show
- Going Live! – children's magazine show
- Going Straight – porridge spin-off situation comedy
- Golden Balls – game show
- The Good Karma Hospital – medical drama
- The Good Life – situation comedy
- The Good Old Days – variety
- Good Omens – comedy
- The Goodies – comedy
- Goodness Gracious Me – comedy sketch show/satire
- Goodnight Sweetheart – situation comedy
- The Gophers – animated
- Got to Dance – reality talent show
- The Governor – crime drama
- Grace & Favour – sitcom
- Grady – drama
- The Graham Norton Show – comedy
- Gran – children's stop motion
- The Grand – drama
- Grandma's House – sitcom
- Grandstand – sports
- Grange Hill – children's drama
- Grantchester – detective drama
- Grass – situation comedy
- Grease: the School Musical – reality television
- Grease Is the Word – reality television/talent show
- Great Barrier Reef (2012) – nature documentary
- Great Barrier Reef (2015) – nature documentary
- The Great British Bake Off – contest/game show
- Great British Railway Journeys – travel documentary
- The Great British Year
- Great Expectations (1981) – drama
- Great Expectations (1991) – drama
- Great Expectations (2011) – drama
- The Great Interior Design Challenge – factual
- Great Night Out – comedy/drama
- The Great Rift: Africa's Wild Heart – nature documentary
- Greed (UK) – game show
- The Green Green Grass – sitcom
- Green Wing – situation comedy
- Greenhouse Academy – children's
- The Grid – drama/action/thriller
- The Grimleys – situation comedy
- The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole – comedy-drama
- The Growing Pains of PC Penrose – situation comedy
- The Grove Family – soap opera
- Guerrilla – drama
- The Guess List – comedy/panel game
- Guess with Jess – animated
- Guesstimation – game show
- Guilty! – mock television
H[edit]
- Haggard – comedy
- Hairspray: The School Musical – reality television
- Hale & Pace – sketch comedy show
- Hallelujah! – sitcom/comedy
- Hamish Macbeth – comedy drama
- Hana's Helpline – animated
- Hancock's Half Hour – situation comedy
- Happy Families – comedy/children's
- Happy Valley – police drama
- Hard Sun – crime drama
- Hardball – game show
- Hardware – sitcom
- Hark at Barker – situation comedy
- Harley Street – medical drama
- Harlots – period drama
- Harry & Paul – sketch comedy
- Harry and Cosh – children's
- Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs – children's
- Harry Enfield and Chums – sketch comedy
- Harry Enfield's Brand Spanking New Show – sketch show
- Harry Enfield's Television Programme – sketch comedy
- Harry Hill – stand-up/sketch comedy
- Harry Hill's Alien Fun Capsule – comedy
- Harry Hill's Shark Infested Custard – children's
- Harry Hill's Tea Time – comedy
- Harry Hill's TV Burp – comedy
- Harry Worth (later Here's Harry) – Situation Comedy
- Harry & Paul – comedy sketch show
- Harry's Game – thriller
- Harry's Mad – comedy/drama
- Hartbeart – children's
- Have I Got News for You – panel game / satire
- Having It Off – situation comedy
- Hazell – drama
- He Knew He Was Right – drama
- Head over Heels – comedy-drama
- Heat of the Sun – police drama
- Heartbeat – police drama
- Heartburn Hotel – sitcom
- Hearts of Gold – game show/devised
- Heathrow: Britain's Busiest Airport – documentary
- Hebburn – comedy
- Helicopter Heroes – documentary
- Hell's on Wheel – drama, western (2011–2016)
- Hell's Kitchen – chef
- Hello Cheeky – radio comedy
- The Hello Girls – comedy drama
- Help – comedy
- Henry Hugglemonster – animated
- Henry IX – comedy
- Henry VIII – drama
- Henry VIII and His Six Wives – documentary
- The Herbs – children's
- Hercule Poirot – detective drama
- Here's Harry (initially Harry Worth) – situation comedy
- Hero: 108 – animated
- Heroes and Villains – docudrama
- The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe – animated/fantasy/comedy
- Hetty Wainthropp Investigates – detective drama
- Hex – comedy drama
- Hey Duggee – animated
- Hi-5 UK – children's
- Hi-de-Hi! – situation comedy
- Hidden Kingdoms – factual/documentary
- High Hopes – sitcom
- The High Life – sitcom
- High Living – soap opera
- High Stakes – game show
- Him & Her – comedy
- Hippies – comedy
- Hit & Miss – drama
- Hit Me, Baby, One More Time – reality television
- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy – comedy / science fiction
- The Hive – animated/children's
- Hoff the Record – comedy/satire
- Holby City – medical drama
- HolbyBlue – police drama
- Holding Out for a Hero – game show
- Holding the Baby – sitcom
- Hole in the Wall – game show
- Holiday – travel
- Holiday Showdown – reality
- The Hollow Crown – historical drama
- Hollyoaks – serial drama
- Hollyoaks Later – serial drama spin-off
- Hollyoaks Let Loose – serial drama spin-off
- Hollyoaks: In the City – serial drama spin-off
- The Hollyoaks Music Show – music
- Hollyoaks: No Going Back – serial drama spin-off
- Hollyoaks: The Morning After the Night Before – serial drama spin-off
- Hollywood 7 – sitcom/family entertainment
- Home Fires – period drama
- Home to Roost – situation comedy
- Honest – comedy drama
- Honey, We're Killing the Kids – documentary
- Hooten & the Lady – drama
- Hope and Glory – drama
- Hope Springs – comedy drama
- Horizon – factual (science)
- Horne & Corden – sketch show
- Horrid Henry – children's animated comedy
- Hospital 24/7 – reality television/medical documentary
- Hot Property – game show
- Hotel – documentary
- The Hotel – documentary
- Hotel Babylon – drama
- The Hotel Inspector – documentary
- Hotel of Mum and Dad – reality television
- Hotter Than My Daughter – reality television
- Houdini & Doyle – drama
- The Hour – period drama
- House Auction – documentary
- House Doctor – reality television
- House Gift – lifestyle/game show
- House Guest – reality television
- House of Anubis – teen drama/mystery action
- House of Cards – political drama
- House of Fools – comedy
- House of Saddam – biography
- The House of Eliott – historical drama
- How – educational
- How 2 – children's art
- How Clean Is Your House? – reality television
- How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria? – talent search show
- How Green Was My Valley – drama
- How Not to Decorate – Reality television
- How Not to Live Your Life – comedy
- How to Look Good Naked – reality television
- How to Start Your Own Country – reality
- How TV Ruined Your Life – satire
- How Videogames Changed the World – entertainment
- Howards' Way – drama
- Human Planet – documentary
- Human Remains – black comedy
- Humans – science fiction
- Hunderby – sitcom
- The Hunger – drama/horror
- The Hunt – nature documentary
- Hunted (2012) – drama/spy
- Hunted (2015) – reality show
- The Hurting – comedy clip show
- Hurricanes – animated
- Hustle – crime drama/caper
- Hyperdrive – comedy / science fiction
- Hypothetical – comedy/panel game
I[edit]
- I, Claudius – historical drama
- I'd Do Anything (2002) – drama
- I'd Do Anything (2008) – talent search show
- I'm a Celebrity..Get Me Out of Here! – celebrity/reality
- I'm Alan Partridge – situation comedy
- I Am Not an Animal – animated comedy
- I Didn't Know You Cared – situation comedy
- I Dream – children's
- I Love My Country – comedy
- I Never Knew That About Britain – entertainment
- I Survived a Zombie Apocalypse – reality game show
- I Want My Little Boy Back – autism/documentary
- Ice Age Giants – nature documentary
- Ice Warriors – game show
- An Idiot Abroad – adventure comedy
- Ideal – situation comedy
- Identity – game show
- Identity – police procedural
- If I Can Dream – docusoap
- If I Ruled the World – game show
- In Plain Sight – drama
- In Sickness and in Health – situation comedy
- In the Dark – crime drama
- In the Flesh – drama/horror
- In the Night Garden.. – children's
- In Town Tonight – entertainment personalities
- The Inbetweeners – situation comedy
- The Indestructibles (2006) – documentary
- The Indestructibles (2015) – sports
- India: Nature's Wonderland – nature documentary
- The Indian Doctor – period drama
- Indian School – documentary
- Indian Summers – drama 2015 - now
- Ink Thief – children's drama
- The Innocents – supernatural drama/horror
- Inside Gatwick – reality television/documentary
- Inside Life – nature documentary
- Inside No. 9 – dark comedy
- The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries – crime drama
- Inspector George Gently – crime drama
- Inspector Lewis – detective drama
- The Inspector Lynley Mysteries – police drama
- Inspector Morse – detective drama
- Inspector Wexford – detective drama
- Instinct – drama
- The Interviews
- Into the Blue
- The Invisibles – comedy drama
- The Irish R.M. – period comedy/drama
- Iron Chef UK – cooking show
- Is It Legal? – sitcom
- Island at War – drama
- An Island Parish – documentary
- Islands of Britain – documentary
- The IT Crowd – situation comedy
- It Ain't Half Hot Mum – situation comedy
- It's a Knockout – game show
- It's a Square World – offbeat comedy
- It's All About Amy – fly on the wall/reality television
- It's Me or the Dog – factual/reality
- It's Not What You Know – game show
- It's Only TV..but I Like It – panel game
- Ivanhoe – drama
- Ivor the Engine – children's
J[edit]
- Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father – travel documentary, comedy
- Jackanory – children's
- Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks – animated/children's
- Jam – sketch comedy
- Jamaica Inn – drama
- Jamie And The Magic Torch – children's
- James May's Things You Need To Know – science
- James May's Toy Stories – Documentary
- James the Cat – children's
- Jamie & Jimmy's Food Fight Club
- Jamie & Jimmy's Friday Night Feast – lifestyle
- Jamie at Home – cooking
- Jamie's 15-Minute Meals – food
- Jamie's 30-Minute Meals – cooking
- Jamie's American Road Trip – lifestyle
- Jamie's Chef – reality television
- Jamie's Comfort Food – lifestyle
- Jamie's Dream School – reality-documentary
- Jamie's Family Christmas – lifestyle
- Jamie's Great Britain – cooking
- Jamie's Great Italian Escape – cooking
- Jamie's Kitchen – documentary
- Jamie's Ministry of Food – reality
- Jamie's Money Saving Meals – cooking
- Jamie's School Dinners – documentary
- Jamie's Super Food – cooking
- Jane Eyre – drama
- Jane Hall – comedy drama
- Japan: Earth's Enchanted Islands – nature documentary
- Jeeves and Wooster – comedy drama
- Jekyll – drama
- Jekyll & Hyde – drama
- Jelly Jamm – animated
- Jenny's War – war
- Jeopardy! – game show
- Jericho (2005) – police drama
- Jericho (2016) – drama
- The Jeremy Kyle Show – talk show
- Jet Set – game show
- The Jewel in the Crown – drama/history/romance
- Jim Henson's Pajanimals – children's
- Jimbo and the Jet Set – children's
- Jim'll Fix It – entertainment
- Jinx – children's
- Jo Brand's Big Splash – stand-up comedy
- The Job Lot – comedy
- Joe 90 – children's
- Joking Apart – situation comedy
- Jon Richardson: Ultimate Worrier – comedy
- Jonathan Creek – comedy/crime drama
- Jonny Briggs – children's
- Joshua Jones – children's stop motion
- Jossy's Giants – children's
- Judge Rinder – court show
- Judge Romesh – comedy/court show
- Juke Box Jury – music
- Juliet Bravo – police drama
- Jumpers for Goalposts – situation comedy
- Jungle Run – adventure game show
- Junior Doctors: Your Life in Their Hands – reality television
- Junior MasterChef – cookery
- Junior Paramedics – factual/reality television
- The Jury – period drama
- Just for Laughs – comedy
- Just Good Friends – situation comedy
- Just Tattoo of Us – reality
- Just the Two of Us – reality television
- Justice (1974) – drama
- Justice (2011) – legal drama
- Justin Lee Collins: Good Times – comedy chat show
- Justin Lee Collins: Turning Japanese – documentary
- Justin's House – children's
K[edit]
- K-9 – science fiction/children's
- Kaleidoscope – light entertainment
- Kappatoo – children's
- Karaoke – drama
- Kate – drama
- Kate & Mim-Mim – children's
- Katie – reality television
- Kavanagh QC – drama
- Keep It in the Family (1971) – comedy
- Keep It in the Family (1980) – sitcom
- Keep It in the Family (2014) – game show
- Keeping Mum – situation comedy
- Keeping Up Appearances – situation comedy
- The Keith & Paddy Picture Show – comedy parody
- The Keith Barret Show – comedy/chat show
- The Keith Lemon Sketch Show – sketch show
- Keith Lemon's LemonAid – entertainment
- Keith Lemon's Very Brilliant World Tour – sketch comedy
- Kelly – talk/variety show
- The Kenny Everett Video Show – sketch comedy
- Kerching! – children's sitcom
- Keynotes – music/game show
- Kick Start – sport
- Killer Net – thriller
- The King Is Dead – comedy
- King Of The Castle – children's 1971
- King of the Nerds – reality competition
- King of the River – drama
- Kingdom – mystery/comedy drama
- The Kingdom – horror
- King Rollo – children's
- Kinvig – sci-fi/comedy
- Kipper the Dog – children's
- Kiss Me Kate – sitcom
- Kitchen Criminals – cookery
- Knightmare – children's game show
- The Knock – action/customs & excise drama
- Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge – situation comedy/satire
- Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire – comedy/sword and sorcery
- The Koala Brothers – children's stop-motion
- The Krypton Factor – game show
- The Kumars at No. 42 – comedy/talk show
- Kung Fu Dino Posse – children's/action/comedy
- KYTV – comedy
L[edit]
- L.A. 7 – sitcom/family entertainment
- Lab Rats – sitcom
- Ladette to Lady – reality
- Ladies of Letters – comedy
- The Lady Vanishes – mystery thriller
- The Lakes – romance drama
- Land Girls – drama
- Land of the Eagle – nature documentary
- Land of the Tiger – nature documentary
- Lark Rise to Candleford – period drama
- Last Chance to See – nature documentary
- The Last Detective – detective drama
- The Last Enemy – drama/thriller/mystery
- The Last Kingdom – action, history, romance; 2015–present
- Last Man Standing – reality
- The Last of the Mohicans – adventure drama
- Last of the Summer Wine – situation comedy
- The Last Place on Earth – drama
- Last Tango in Halifax – drama
- The Last Weekend – thriller
- The Late, Late Breakfast Show – entertainment
- The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson – entertainment (co-production with america)
- The Last Leg - Late-night chat show/News/political satire/sport (during Paralympics and The Olympics)
- Later with Jools Holland – music
- Lavender Castle – adventure/children's/fantasy/science fiction
- Law & Order: UK – police drama
- The Law of the Playground – broadcast
- LazyTown Extra – children's
- The League of Gentlemen – situation comedy
- A League of Their Own – comedy/panel game show
- Learn With Sooty – children's
- Legends of Stand-up And Bernard Righton
- Legit – comedy
- Lego Masters – reality competition; 2017–present
- Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu – animated/action/comedy/fantasy/martial arts
- Lemon La Vida Loca – sitcom/mockumentary
- Lemur Street – nature/documentary/drama
- Lenny Henry in Pieces – stand-up comedy/sketch show
- The Lenny Henry Show – comedy sketches
- The Les Dawson Show – variety show
- Let Them Eat Cake – sitcom
- Let There Be Love – sitcom
- Let Your Heart Out – entertainment/talent show
- Let's Dance for Comic Relief – talent show
- Let's Get Gold – entertainment/sports
- Let's Play Darts – sports
- Letterland – children's
- Lewis – crime drama
- Lexx – science fiction
- The Liars – comedy/drama
- Life – nature documentary
- The Life and Loves of a She-Devil – drama
- Life Begins – drama
- Life in Cold Blood – nature documentary
- Life in Squares – drama
- Life in the Air – nature documentary
- Life in the Freezer – nature documentary
- Life in the Snow – nature documentary
- Life in the Undergrowth – nature documentary
- Life Is Wild – drama
- The Life of Birds – nature documentary
- A Life of Bliss – situation comedy
- The Life of Mammals – nature documentary
- Life of Riley – sitcom
- The Life of Rock with Brian Pern – comedy
- Life on Earth – factual (natural history)
- Life on Mars – police drama/sci-fi/fantasy
- Life Story – nature documentary
- Life With The Lyons – situation comedy
- Life's Too Short – sitcom/mockumentary
- Lifesense – nature documentary
- Light Lunch – talk show
- Lightfields – supernatural drama
- The Likeaballs – cartoon
- The Likely Lads – situation comedy
- Lillie – historical drama
- Lilies – drama
- Lily Allen and Friends – talk show
- Lily's Driftwood Bay – animation cartoon series
- The Limbo Connection
- Linda Green – comedy drama
- Line of Duty – crime/drama/thriller
- Lingo – game show
- The Link – quiz game show
- Lip Service – drama
- Lipstick on Your Collar – romance/musical/comedy
- Liquid Television – anthology series
- Little Britain – comedy sketches
- Little Crackers – comedy/drama
- Little Dorrit – period drama
- Little Miss Jocelyn – sketch comedy
- Little Monsters (1998) – animated children's
- Little Monsters (2003) – game show
- Little Princess – children's
- Little Red Tractor – children's
- Little Robots – animation/children's
- Little Women (1950) – period drama
- Little Women (1958) – drama
- Little Women (1970) – drama
- Little Women (2017) – period drama
- Live at the Apollo – stand-up comedy
- Live TV Bingo – game show
- The Liver Birds – situation comedy
- Living Britain – nature documentary
- Living on the Edge – reality television
- The Living Planet – factual (natural history) / nature documentary
- Loaded – comedy drama
- Location, Location, Location – property show
- London – historical documentary
- London Bridge – soap opera
- London Ink – reality television
- London's Burning – drama
- Long Way Round – documentary
- Look Around You – spoof comedy
- Loose Women – talk show
- Lord Peter Wimsey – drama
- The Losers – sitcom
- Lost (UK) – reality television
- Lost in Austen – drama, fantasy, romance
- Lost Land of the Jaguar – nature documentary
- Lost Land of the Tiger – nature documentary
- Lost Land of the Volcano – nature documentary
- Lost Worlds, Vanished Lives – documentary
- The Lotus Eaters – drama
- Love and Marriage – comedy-drama
- Love in a Cold Climate (1980) – drama
- Love in a Cold Climate (2001) – drama
- Love Island (2005) – reality
- Love Island (2015) – reality
- The Love Machine – game show
- Love on a Branch Line – drama comedy
- Love on a Saturday Night – game show
- Love Soup – comedy/drama
- Love Thy Neighbour (1972) – situation comedy
- Love Thy Neighbour (2011) – reality
- Lovejoy – drama
- The Lovers – comedy
- Low Winter Sun – crime drama
- Lucky Feller – sitcom
- Lucky Ladders – game show
- Lucky Numbers – game show
- The Lucie Arnaz Show – talk show
- Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married – comedy
- Ludwig – children's animation
- Luna – children's/science fiction
- Luther – crime drama
- Luton Airport – documentary
- Luv – sitcom
M[edit]
- MacDonald's Farm – children's
- Maelstrom – drama
- The Mad Death – drama
- Mad About Alice – sitcom
- The Mad Bad Ad Show – comedy
- Mad Dogs – drama/thriller
- Mad for It – children's/game show
- Madagascar – nature documentary
- Madame Bovary – drama
- Made in Chelsea – reality television
- Made in Scotland – factual
- Maggie – children's
- Maggie and Her – comedy
- The Magic Key – children's
- The Magic Mirror – children's
- Magic Numbers – game show
- The Magic Roundabout – children's
- Magic with Everything – children's situation comedy
- The Magnificent Evans – situation comedy
- Magpie – children's
- Maid Marian and her Merry Men – situation comedy
- Maigret – drama
- Maigret – abc 1960–63 police drama
- Maigret – granada 1992 police drama
- The Main Chance – drama
- Maisie Raine – drama
- Maisy – children's animated
- Make Me a Supermodel – fashion/reality
- Make Way for Noddy – animated children's
- Make Your Play – phone-in quiz show
- Making Out – comedy drama
- Making Waves – drama
- Malice Aforethought (1981)
- Malice Aforethought (2005) – drama
- The Mallens – drama
- Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies – animated
- Man About the House – situation comedy/sitcom
- Man Alive – human interest
- Man Down - sitcom
- The Man from the Pru
- Man in a Suitcase – action drama
- Man O Man – game show
- Man on Earth – documentary
- Man to Man with Dean Learner – comedy (spoof)
- Manchild – comedy drama
- Mandog – children's
- Mapp and Lucia – channel 4
- Mapp and Lucia – bbc
- Marcella – crime/drama/thriller
- Marchlands – supernatural drama
- Marion and Geoff – mockumentary/comedy drama
- Mark Wright's Hollywood Nights – reality television
- Market in Honey Lane – soap opera
- Market Kitchen – cookery
- Marley's Ghosts – sitcom
- Marriage Lines – sitcom
- The Marriage Ref – game show
- Married for Life – sitcom
- Mary, Mungo and Midge – children's
- Mary Berry Cooks – food/entertainment
- Mary Queen of Shops – documentary
- The Mary Whitehouse Experience – comedy/satire
- The Mask of Janus – drama
- Massive – comedy
- The Master Game – chess game
- MasterChef (UK) – competition cooking show
- MasterChef: The Professionals – competition cooking show
- Mastermind – quiz show
- Masterteam – radio quiz
- The Match – reality tv
- Match of the Day – sport
- Match of the Day Kickabout – children's
- Material Girl – romantic comedy
- Matt Hatter Chronicles – animated
- Max and Paddy's Road To Nowhere – situation comedy
- Max Headroom – science fiction/drama
- The Max Headroom Show – music/comedy/talk show
- May to December – situation comedy
- Mayday – drama thriller
- Mayo – comedy detective drama
- McCallum – police drama
- McMafia – crime drama
- Me Mammy – sitcom
- Medics – medical drama
- Meerkat Manor – nature documentary
- Meet the Parents – comedy/game show
- Meet the Wife – sitcom
- Mel and Sue – chat show
- Melissa
- Men Behaving Badly – situation comedy
- Merlin – fantasy drama
- The Mersey Pirate – children's
- Merseybeat – police drama
- Messiah – drama
- The Met: Policing London – factual/documentary
- Metal Mickey – children's
- Mexico: Earth's Festival of Life – nature documentary
- Miami 7 – sitcom/family entertainment
- Micawber – comedy/drama
- Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow – stand-up comedy
- Micro Man – documentary drama
- Microscopic Milton – children's
- Mid Morning Matters with Alan Partridge – mockumentary sitcom/comedy
- Mida's Touch – game show
- Midas Touch – game show
- The Midnight Beast – sitcom
- Midnight Man – thriller
- Midsomer Murders – detective drama
- Miffy's Adventures Big and Small – animated
- The Mighty Boosh – situation comedy
- M.I. High – children's drama
- Mike and Angelo – children's
- Mike the Knight – animated children's
- Mile High – drama
- The Mill – period drama
- The Million Pound Hoax
- The Million Pound Drop Live – game show/quiz show
- Millionaire Minor – game show
- Minipops – variety show
- Minder – drama/action
- A Mind to Kill – crime/drama
- Mind Your Language – comedy
- Mind the Gap: London vs the Rest – factual/documentary
- Mine All Mine – drama
- The Miniaturist – drama
- The Mint – quiz show
- The Mint Extra – quiz show
- Minty – children's/drama/comedy
- Minute to Win It – game show
- Mio Mao – children's
- The Miracle of Bali – documentary
- Miracles Take Longer – drama
- Miranda – situation comedy
- The Misfit – sitcom
- Misfits – comedy/drama/fantasy
- Miss Marie Lloyd – Queen of The Music Hall – drama
- Miss Marple – detective drama
- Miss Morison's Ghosts – drama
- Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends – children's
- Missing (2006) – drama
- Missing (2009) – drama
- The Missing – drama
- Mission Implausible – reality television/game show
- Mister Eleven – drama
- Mister Maker – children's
- Mister Maker Around the World – children's
- Mister Maker Comes to Town – children's
- Mister Maker's Arty Party – children's
- The Mistress – sitcom
- Mistresses – serial drama
- Mixed Blessings – sitcom
- The Moaning of Life – comedy/travel documentary
- Mobile – drama
- Mock the Week – panel game
- Mog – comedy
- Mogul / The Troubleshooters – drama
- Molly's Gang – animated
- Monarch of the Glen – drama
- The Monastery – documentary
- The Mole – reality
- Monday Monday – comedy/drama
- Money – drama
- The Money Programme – factual
- Mongrels – sitcom/black comedy
- Monitor – arts
- Monkey – adventure/fantasy/comedy/drama
- Monkey Dust – animation/satire
- Monkey Life – documentary
- Monkey Planet – documentary
- Monkey Trousers – comedy/sketch comedy
- Monroe – medical drama
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – comedy sketches (1969–74)
- The Moomins – children's
- Moone Boy – sitcom
- Moondial – TV serial
- The Moonstone (1959)
- The Moonstone (1972)
- The Moonstone (2016) – drama
- The Morecambe & Wise Show (1968) – comedy sketches
- The Morecambe & Wise Show (1978) – comedy sketches
- Morgan Spurlock's New Britannia – satire/talk show
- Morgana Robinson's The Agency – comedy/mockumentary
- Morning Exchange – news/talk show
- Morning Glory – breakfast television
- Moses – documentary
- Mother Love – drama
- Motherland – sitcom
- Mount Pleasant – comedy/drama
- Mountain – documentary
- Mountain: Life at the Extreme – nature documentary
- Mountain Gorilla – nature documentary
- Mouth to Mouth – comedy drama
- The Movie Game – children's/game show
- Moving – sitcom
- Moving On – drama
- Moving Wallpaper – comedy/drama
- Mr. Bean – situation comedy (1990–95)
- Mr. Bean (animated TV series) – animated comedy (2002–04)
- Mr. Benn – children's
- Mr. Men and Little Miss – children's
- The Mr. Men Show – animated/children's
- Mr Moon – animated/children's
- Mr Selfridge – drama
- The Mrs. Bradley Mysteries – crime drama
- Mrs. Brown's Boys – sitcom
- Mud – children's
- Muffin the Mule – children's
- Mulberry – sitcom
- Multi-Coloured Swap Shop – children's
- The Muppet Show – puppetry/sketch comedy
- Murder City – police drama
- Murder in Eden – drama
- Murder in Mind – police drama
- Murder in Successville – sitcom
- Murder Prevention – police drama
- Murder Rooms – police drama
- Murder Rooms: The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes – drama
- Murderland – mystery drama
- Murdoch Mysteries – crime, drama, mystery (2008– )
- Murphy's Law – police drama
- Museum of Life – documentary
- The Musketeers – era adventure
- Must Be the Music – reality television
- My Autism and Me – autism/documentary
- My Dad's the Prime Minister – children's comedy
- My Family – situation comedy
- My Fragile Heart – crime drama
- My Good Friend – sitcom
- My Hero – situation comedy
- My Life as an Animal – documentary
- My Life As A College Student – comedy drama/reality
- My Life As A College Student 2: The Adventure Continues – comedy drama / reality / sitcom
- My Life As A College Student 3: The Final Chapter – comedy drama / reality / sitcom
- My Mad Fat Diary – comedy drama
- My New Best Friend – game show
- My Shocking Story – documentary
- My Spy Family – sitcom
- Mystery! – anthology, mystery
N[edit]
- The Naked Chef – cooking
- Naked Jungle – game show
- The Naked Pilgrim – documentary
- Name That Tune – game show
- Nanny – drama
- Nathan Barley – situation comedy
- The National Lottery: In It to Win It – game show
- Nationwide – news
- The Nativity – drama
- Natural World – nature documentary
- The Nature of Britain – nature documentary
- Nature's Epic Journeys – nature documentary
- Nature's Great Events – nature documentary
- Nature's Greatest Dancers – nature documentary
- Nature's Microworlds – nature documentary
- Nature's Wonderlands – nature documentary
- N.C.I. National Crime Squad – police drama
- Nearly Famous – drama
- Neighbours Revealed – documentary
- Nella the Princess Knight – animated children's
- Never Mind the Buzzcocks – panel game
- Never Mind the Full Stops – game show
- Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width – situation comedy
- Never the Twain – situation comedy
- Neverwhere – fantasy
- The New Avengers – action
- New Faces – talent show
- The New Statesman – situation comedy
- New Street Law – legal drama
- New Tricks – police drama
- The New Worst Witch – children's fantasy/magic
- New Zealand: Earth's Mythical Islands – nature documentary
- The Newcomers – soap opera
- Newlyweds – game show
- Newsnight – current affairs
- Newsround – children's news
- Newswipe with Charlie Brooker – review
- Next of Kin – sitcom
- Nick Kicks – sports/comedy
- Night and Day – soap opera/drama
- Night Fever – music/game show
- The Night Manager – crime, drama, mystery 2016 mini series
- The Night Of – crime, drama
- Nighty Night – black situation comedy
- Nile – documentary film
- Nini's Treehouse – children's
- Ninja Warrior UK – game show
- Noel's House Party – entertainment
- The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency – comedy-drama
- No Angels – medical situation comedy
- No Heroics – superhero-comedy
- No Hiding Place – police drama
- No Limits – music
- No Problem! – comedy
- Noah's Ark – family
- Noddy (1975) – children's
- Noddy (1998) – children's/fantasy
- Noddy in Toyland – children's
- Noddy's Toyland Adventures – children's
- Noel's HQ – family entertainment
- The Noise – magazine
- North and South – period drama
- Northern Lights – dramedy
- Nortonland – clip show
- Not Going Out – situation comedy
- Not Only.. But Also – sketch comedy
- Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life – satire
- Not the Nine O'Clock News – comedy/satire
- Nothing But the Truth – game show
- Notorious Woman – drama
- Now You See It – game show
- Numberblocks – children's/animated
- Nurse – sitcom
- NY-LON – drama
O[edit]
- Oasis – short drama
- Occupation – war drama
- Ocean Giants – nature documentary
- The Octonauts – children's/animated
- Odd One In – comedy/game show
- Odd Man Out – sitcom
- The Office – situation comedy (2001–03)
- Offside – comedy
- Oh, Brother! – situation comedy
- Oh, Doctor Beeching! – situation comedy
- Oh Boy! – music/variety
- Oh Happy Band! – sitcom
- Oh No, It's Selwyn Froggitt! – situation comedy
- Old Bear Stories – animated
- The Old Grey Whistle Test – music
- The Old Guys – sitcom
- Oliver Twist – drama
- Oliver's Travels – drama
- Oliver's Twist – cooking
- Olivia – children's/animated
- Olympus – fantasy/mythological
- The Omega Factor – science fiction
- On Safari – wildlife
- On the Buses – situation comedy
- On the Spot – game show
- On the Up – situation comedy
- The One and Only – entertainment/music
- One Foot in the Grave – situation comedy
- The One Game – drama serial
- One Man and his Dog – competition
- One of Us – drama
- The One Show – factual
- The Onedin Line – drama
- Only Connect – Quiz Show
- Only Fools and Horses – situation comedy
- The Only Way Is Essex – reality television/dramality
- Only When I Laugh – sitcom
- Ordinary Lies – drama
- Orphan Black – action drama
- Open a Door – children's
- Open All Hours – situation comedy
- Open House with Gloria Hunniford – lifestyle
- Opportunity Knocks – talent contest
- Orange Playlist – music show
- Orangutan Diary – nature documentary
- Oscar's Orchestra – children's/animated
- Oswald – children's
- Our Friends in the North – drama
- Our Mutual Friend (1958) – drama
- Our Mutual Friend (1976) – drama
- Our Mutual Friend (1998) – drama
- Our Zoo – drama
- Out of the Blue (1995) – police drama
- Out of the Blue (2008) – serial drama
- Out of the Unknown – science fiction
- Out of Town – fishing
- Outcasts – science-fiction drama
- Outlander – drama/adventure/fantasy/romance
- Outnumbered – situation comedy
- Outside Edge – situation comedy
- Over the Rainbow – reality/talent show
- Owen M.D – medical drama 1972
P[edit]
- PB Bear and Friends – children's
- Pablo the Little Red Fox – animated
- Pacific Abyss – nature documentary
- Paddington – animated
- Paddington Bear – animated
- Painted Lady – drama, murder mystery
- The Palace – drama
- Panorama – current affairs
- The Paper Lads – children's
- Parade's End – period drama
- The Paradise – drama
- Paradox – Science fiction
- Parallel 9 – children's entertainment
- Paranoid – crime drama
- Parents – sitcom
- Paris – sitcom
- Paris Hilton's British Best Friend – reality television
- Park Avenue – soap opera
- Parkinson – talk show
- Parnell and the Englishwoman – drama
- Party Animals – drama
- The Passion – drama
- The Passions of Girls Aloud – reality television
- Patagonia: Earth's Secret Paradise – nature documentary
- Patrick Melrose – drama
- Paul Merton in China – comedy
- Paul Merton in Europe – comedy
- Paul Merton in India – comedy
- Paul Merton's Adventures – comedy
- Paul Temple – detective drama
- Pauline's Quirkes – comedy
- The Paz Show – animated
- Peak Practice – drama
- Peaky Blinders – crime drama
- Pebble Mill – magazine
- Peep Show – point of view situation comedy
- Pennies from Heaven – musical drama
- Penny Dreadful – drama/thriller/horror
- Percy the Park Keeper – children's show
- People Just Do Nothing – mockumentary
- People Like Us – mockumentary
- The People of Paradise – documentary
- The People Versus – game show
- The People's Book of Records – comedy/game show
- The People's Quiz – game show
- Peppa Pig – children's
- A Perfect Hero – drama
- Perfect World – comedy
- Personal Affairs – drama
- The Persuaders! – drama/action
- Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights – situation comedy
- Peter Rabbit – animated
- Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams – science fiction
- PhoneShop – sitcom
- Picture Page – magazine programme
- Pie in the Sky – drama/comedy
- Piece of Cake – drama
- The Piglet Files – sitcom
- Pilgrim's Rest – sitcom
- The Pillars of the Earth – historical drama
- Pimp My Ride (UK) – reality television
- Pingu – children's
- Pinky Malinky – mockumentary/surreal comedy
- Pinwright's Progress – situation comedy
- Pip Ahoy! – children's animated
- The Pit – music video/documentary/news
- The Plane Makers/The Power Game – drama
- Planet Dinosaur – documentary
- Planet Earth – nature documentary
- Planet Earth II – nature documentary
- Planet Earth: The Future – nature documentary
- Planet Earth Live – nature documentary
- Play Away – children's
- Play for Today – drama anthology
- Play School – children's
- Play with Me Sesame UK – children's
- Play Your Cards Right – game show
- Playbox – children's
- Playdate – dating show
- Playdays – children's
- Playing the Field – drama
- Please Sir! – sitcom
- Plus One – sitcom
- Pob's Programme – children's
- Pocoyo – animated
- Pogles' Wood – animated
- Pointless – game show
- PokerFace – game show
- Poldark (1975) – hstorical drama
- Poldark (2015) – drama
- The Polar Bear Family & Me – nature documentary
- Police Camera Action! – documentary/reality television
- Police Interceptors – documentary
- Police Stop! – documentary/reality television
- Police Surgeon – drama
- Pompidou – comedy
- Pop Idol – talent show/reality
- The Pop Years – documentary
- Poppy Cat – animated
- Popstars (UK) – talent show
- Popstars: The Rivals – talent show
- Popworld – music
- Porkpie – sitcom
- Porno Valley – documentary
- Porridge (1974) – situation comedy
- Porridge (2016) – sitcom
- Portrait of a Marriage – period drama
- Porterhouse Blue – drama
- Portland Bill – children's
- Posh Pawn – documentary
- Postcode Challenge – game show
- Postman Pat – children's
- Pot Black – sport (snooker)
- Potter – sitcom
- Power Lunch Europe – news
- Powers – science fiction
- The Practice – soap opera
- Pramface – sitcom
- Prank Patrol – hidden camera
- Praying Mantis
- Prehistoric Park – science fiction/docu-fiction
- PREMature – mini series
- Press Gang – children's
- Preston Pig – children's
- Prey – crime thriller
- The Price Is Right – game show
- Priceless Antiques Roadshow – factual
- Prickly Heat – game show
- Pride and Prejudice (1958) – drama
- Pride and Prejudice (1967) – drama
- Pride and Prejudice (1980) – drama
- Pride and Prejudice (1995) – drama
- Prime Suspect – police drama
- Prime Suspect 1973 – detective drama
- Primeval – science fiction
- Princess Nikki – reality television
- The Prisoner (1967) – science fiction
- The Prisoner (2009)
- Prisoners' Wives – drama
- The Private Life of Plants – nature documentary
- Private Schulz – comedy drama
- Prize Island – quiz show
- Project Catwalk – reality/competition
- The Professionals – drama/action
- The Promise – drama/period drama
- Property Ladder – entertainment
- Prospects – comedy drama
- The Protectors – drama/action
- Psychobitches – sketch show
- Psychoville – sitcom/horror
- Psychos – drama
- Public Enemies – drama
- Public Eye – detective drama
- Pulling – situation comedy
- Puzzle Party – children's
- The Pyramid Game – game show
Q[edit]
- QI – panel game
- Quatermass – science fiction
- Quayside – soap opera
- The Queen's Nose – children's drama
- Queer as Folk – drama
- A Question of Sport – panel game
- Question Time – factual/politics
- Questions for the Future – debate
- Quiet as a Nun – drama
- Quiz Call – quiz show
- Quizmania – game show
- Quiznation – game show
R[edit]
- RI:SE – breakfast television
- Rab C. Nesbitt – situation comedy
- The Race – reality television/game show
- The Racing Game
- The Rag Trade – situation comedy
- Ragdolly Anna – children's
- Rainbow – children's
- Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares – reality television
- Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) – comedy/drama
- Rank the Prank – hidden camera game show
- Ready Steady Cook – cooking show
- Ready Steady Go! – pop music show
- The Real Football Fan Show – football talk show
- The Real Housewives of Cheshire – reality television
- The Real Hustle – reality/documentary/crime
- The Really Wild Show – wildfire
- The Rebel – comedy
- Rebus – police drama
- Reckless – serial drama
- Record Breakers – children's
- Red Alert – game show
- Red Dwarf – situation comedy
- Red or Black? – game show
- Redwall – animated
- Regency House Party – historical/reality
- The Regiment – historical drama
- Reilly, Ace of Spies – drama
- Rellik – crime
- Remember Me – drama
- Rentaghost – children's
- Rescue Me – romantic comedy
- Respect – multicultural sports
- The Restaurant – reality television
- The Restoration Man – home improvement
- Return of the Saint – action drama
- Return to Cranford – comedy drama
- Return to Jamie's Kitchen – documentary
- Rev. – sitcom
- Revelations – soap opera
- Rex the Runt – animated
- Richard Bacon's Beer & Pizza Club – comedy panel show
- Richard Hammond's Blast Lab – children's game show
- Rip Off Britain – factual
- Ripper Street – drama
- Ripping Yarns – comedy
- Rising Damp – situation comedy
- The River – sitcom
- River City – soap opera
- Road Raja – reality television
- Road Wars – reality television
- Roar – children's
- Roary the Racing Car – animated children's
- The Rob Brydon Show – chat show
- Robbie – travel
- Robin Hood – drama/adventure
- Robin of Sherwood – adventure
- Robin's Nest – situation comedy/sitcom
- Robotboy – children's/animated/sci-fi/action/adventure/comedy
- Robot Wars – game show
- Rock & Chips – comedy/drama
- Rock Follies – musical drama
- Rock Profile – comedy
- Rock School – reality/documentary
- Rocket Man – drama
- Rocket's Island – fantasy/adventure/mystery
- Rocky Hollow – children's stop motion
- Rogue – police drama
- Roman Mysteries – adventure/children's/action
- Roman's Empire – comedy
- Romany Jones – sitcom
- Rome – historical drama
- Roobarb – animated
- Root Into Europe – comedy/drama
- Room 101 – comedy/talk show
- Rosemary & Thyme – detective drama/crime fiction
- Rosie – situation comedy
- Rosie and Jim – children's
- Ross Kemp: Back on the Frontline – documentary
- Ross Kemp: Battle for the Amazon – documentary
- Ross Kemp: Extreme World – documentary
- Ross Kemp: Middle East – documentary
- Ross Kemp in Afghanistan – documentary
- Ross Kemp in Search of Pirates – documentary
- Ross Kemp on Gangs – documentary
- Rough Justice – current affairs/documentary
- Rownd a Rownd – soap opera
- The Royal – period/medical drama
- The Royal Today – medical drama/soap opera
- The Royle Family – situation comedy
- Rubbadubbers – children's
- Rude Tube – clip show
- Rugrats Pre-School Daze – animation
- Rumpole of the Bailey – drama
- The Runaway – drama
- Running Wild – comedy sketch show
- Rupert Bear, Follow the Magic.. – children's
- Rush Hour – sketch comedy
- Russell Howard's Good News – comedy/topical stand up
- The Ruth Rendell Mysteries – mystery drama
- Rutland Weekend Television – comedy sketches
S[edit]
- S Club 7 Go Wild! – reality/children's
- S Club Search – reality/children's
- Safebreakers – game show
- The Saint – drama/action (1962-9)
- Sale of the Century – game show
- Sally4Ever – comedy
- The Salon – reality television
- Sam – family drama
- Sam's Game – sitcom
- The Sandbaggers – spy drama
- Sapphire and Steel – science fiction
- Saracen – action/drama
- Sarah & Duck – animated children's
- The Sarah Jane Adventures – science fiction/teen drama
- Sarah Jane's Alien Files – science fiction/drama
- Satellite City – sitcom
- Saturday Cookbook – culinary
- Saturday Kitchen – cookery
- Saturday Live – comedy
- The Saturday Night Armistice – comedy
- The Savages – sitcom
- Save Me – drama
- Saving Planet Earth – nature documentary
- Saxondale – sitcom
- Say It with Noddy – children's
- The Scheme – documentary
- Scott & Bailey – drama
- Scrapheap Challenge – game show
- Screenplay – comedy
- Scream! If You Know the Answer – game show
- Sea Monsters – documentary
- Sea of Faith – documentary
- Sea of Souls – supernatural drama
- Sea Princesses – children's
- Sea Trek – nature documentary
- The Search – game show
- A Seaside Parish – documentary
- The Second Coming – drama/supernatural
- Second Sight – crime drama
- The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne – science fiction
- The Secret Life of Elephants – nature documentary
- Secret Army – historical drama
- The Secret Cabaret – magic and illusion
- Secret Dealers – game show
- Secret Diary of a Call Girl – drama
- The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole – comedy-drama
- Secret Fortune – game show
- The Secret Garden – children's drama
- The Secret Millionaire – reality television
- The Secret Service – children's
- Secrets and Words – drama
- Secrets of Great British Castles – documentary
- Secrets of the Dead – documentary
- Sell Me the Answer – game show
- Sense and Sensibility (1971) – drama
- Sense and Sensibility (1981) – drama
- Sense and Sensibility (2008) – drama
- Sensitive Skin – comedy
- Sergeant Cork – police drama
- Serious – children's/reality television/adventure
- Sesame Tree – educational
- Seven Ages of Rock – music documentary
- Seven of One – comedy
- Sex, Chips & Rock n' Roll – drama
- Sex Education – comedy drama
- Shades of Darkness
- The Shadow Line – drama
- Shadows – children's supernatural
- Shafted – quiz show
- Shameless – comedy drama
- Shark – nature documentary
- The Sharon Osbourne Show – talk show
- A Sharp Intake of Breath – sitcom
- Shaun the Sheep – stop-motion animated
- She Fell Among Thieves
- Shelley – situation comedy
- Sherlock – crime drama (2010-)
- Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century – action/adventure/crime/mystery/science fiction
- Shillingbury Tales – light drama
- Shine on Harvey Moon – comedy drama
- Shock Treatment – reality television/documentary/entertainment
- Shoebox Zoo – fantasy/children's
- Shoestring – detective drama
- Shooting Stars – panel game
- Shoulder to Shoulder – drama
- Show Me the Money – game show
- Showboaters – reality television
- Shrink Rap – talk show
- Silent Witness – police drama/crime drama
- The Silence – thriller/drama
- Silk – legal/crime drama
- Simply the Best – sports game show
- Sin Cities – sexually-oriented travel
- Sinchronicity – drama
- Sing It Back: Lyric Champion – karaoke game show
- The Singing Detective – musical drama
- Simon and the Witch – children's drama
- Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings – children's
- Sinbad – action/adventure/fantasy/family saga
- Sing If You Can – game show
- Single Father – drama
- Singled Out – game show
- Singles – sitcom
- Sirens – comedy drama
- Sitting Pretty – sitcom
- The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970) – historical drama
- The Six Wives of Henry VIII (2001) – documentary
- Six-Five Special – music
- Sixpenny Corner – soap drama
- Skatoony – game show/animated/comedy
- The Sketch Show – sketch comedy
- Skins – teenage drama
- Sky – children's science fiction 1973
- The Sky at Night – factual (astronomy)
- Sky Cops – crime
- Sleepers – drama
- Slinger's Day – sitcom
- Smack the Pony – sketch comedy
- SMart – children's art
- SMart on the Road – children's art
- SMarteenies – children's art
- Small Island – drama
- Small Potatoes – children's/animated
- The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer – sketch comedy
- Smile – children's
- The Smoke – drama
- Smuggler – children's drama
- Snuff Box – sketch comedy
- So Graham Norton – chat show
- So You Think You Can Dance – reality show
- Soapstars – reality show
- Softly, Softly – police drama
- Sold – comedy
- Soldier And Me – children's crime drama
- Soldier Soldier – military drama
- Solo – sitcom
- Some Girls – sitcom/comedy
- Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em – situation comedy
- Something for the Weekend – game show
- Something for the Weekend – cookery/chat show
- Son of God – documentary/factual
- Sons and Lovers (1981) – drama
- Sons and Lovers (2003)
- Sooty (2001) – children's
- Sooty (2011) – children's
- Sooty & Co. – children's
- Sooty Heights – children's
- The Sooty Show – children's
- Sooty's Amazing Adventures – children's
- Sooty's Magic – children's
- Sorry! – sitcom
- Sorry I'm Single – sitcom
- Sorted – drama
- South Pacific – nature documentary
- South Riding – period drama
- Space: 1999 – science fiction
- Space Cadets – reality television/spoof
- Space Island One – science fiction/drama
- Space Precinct – police drama/science fiction
- Spaced – alternative situation comedy (1999-2001)
- The Spanish Princess – drama
- Sparkhouse – drama
- Special Branch – police drama
- Spellbound – game show
- The Spies – drama
- Spin Star – quiz show
- Spirits of the Jaguar – nature documentary
- Spitting Image – comedy/satire
- Splash! – reality television
- Spooks – spy drama
- Spooks: Code 9 – spy drama
- Spooks of Bottle Bay – children's
- Spoons – sketch comedy
- Sports Review – sport
- Sportsview – sport
- Sportsnight – sport
- Spot the Dog – animated
- Springhill – soap opera/drama
- Spy (2004) – reality television
- Spy (2011) – sitcom
- Spy in the Wild – nature documentary
- Spycatcher – drama
- Squawk Box Europe – news
- The Squirrels – sitcom
- Stag – black comedy
- Stanley and the Women – drama
- Star Cops – science fiction
- Star Maidens – science fiction
- Star Spell – game show
- Star Stories – comedy
- Starhill Ponies – animated
- Stark – drama
- Starlight – variety
- Starlings – comedy drama
- Starr and Company – drama
- Stars in Their Eyes – talent show
- The Stars Look Down – drama
- The State – drama
- State of Play – drama
- State of the Planet – documentary
- The State Within – thriller
- Staying Alive – medical drama
- Stella – comedy drama
- Stella Street – comedy
- Stephen Brown – science fiction
- Stephen Fry: Out There – documentary
- Stephen Fry in America – travel
- Steptoe and Son – situation comedy
- Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle – comedy
- Still Game – comedy
- Still Open All Hours – sitcom
- Stingray – science fiction
- Stories of the Sylvanian Families – children's
- The Story of Tracy Beaker – children's/comedy-drama
- Storytime – children's
- Strange – drama/horror thriller
- Strange Hill High – children's
- Strange Report – drama
- Stranger on the Shore – children's drama
- Strangers – detective series 70s
- The Strangerers – science fiction/comedy drama
- Strathblair – drama
- The Strauss Family – drama
- The Street – drama
- Street Crime UK – docusoap/police
- Stressed Eric – dark comedy, animation
- Strike Back – action, drama, thriller (2010–2015)
- Strictly Come Dancing – talent show
- Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two – entertainment
- Strictly Money – news
- Street Wars – reality
- Strike Back – drama/action/military
- Striker – children's drama football 1976
- Suburban Shootout – sitcom
- Sugar and Spice
- Sugar Rush – drama
- Summerhill – children's drama
- Sunburn – comedy drama
- Sunday Brunch – cookery/chat show
- Sunday Feast – cookery
- Sunday Night at the London Palladium – variety
- The Sunday Night Project – comedy/variety show
- Sunny Day – animated
- Supergran – children's
- Supernanny – reality television
- Supernatural – horror
- Supernatural: The Unseen Powers of Animals – nature documentary
- Supernova – sitcom
- Supersense – nature documentary
- Superstar – reality/talent show
- Superstars – sports competition
- Surprise Surprise – light entertainment
- Survival – nature documentary
- Survivor – reality game show
- Survivors – science fiction
- Survivors – drama
- Suspects – police procedural
- Sutherland's Law – drama
- The Sweeney – police drama
- Sweet Medicine – drama
- Swiss Toni – sitcom
- Sykes – situation comedy
- Sykes and A.. – situation comedy
- Sykes and a Big, Big Show – situation comedy/sketch show
- The Syndicate – drama
T[edit]
- T-Bag – children's
- Taboo – drama
- Taff Acre – soap opera
- Taggart – police drama
- The Take – drama
- Take a Letter – game show
- Take a Letter, Mr. Jones – sitcom
- Take Me Out – game show
- Take the High Road – soap opera
- Take Your Pick! – game show
- Takeover Bid – game show
- Tales of the Unexpected – drama/horror – adaptations of roald dahl stories
- Talk to Me – drama
- Talking Heads – drama
- Talking Telephone Numbers – game show
- Talking Threads - Country Channel, reality
- Tarby's Frame Game – game show
- Taskmaster – comedy/panel game
- Taste – cookery
- The Taste – cooking
- Teachers – drama
- Tee and Mo – children's
- Teen Big Brother: The Experiment – reality
- Telecrime – crime drama
- Teletubbies – children's
- Tell the Truth – panel game show
- Temptation Island UK – reality television
- Tender Is the Night
- Tenko – historical drama
- Tess of the D'Urbervilles – drama
- Testament of Youth – drama
- Thailand: Earth's Tropical Paradise – nature documentary
- Thank God You're Here – comedy
- That Mitchell and Webb Look – comedy/sketch show
- That Sunday Night Show – chat show/panel show
- That Was The Team That Was – sports documentary
- That Was the Week That Was – comedy/satire
- That's the Question – game show
- Theatre 625 – drama anthology
- Theatre Parade – excerpts from London shows
- They Think It's All Over – panel game
- There's Nothing to Worry About! – comedy sketch show
- There's Something About Megan – music
- There's Something About Miriam – reality television
- The Thick of It – sitcom/satire
- Thief Takers – crime drama
- Thieves Like Us – sitcom
- The Thin Blue Line – sitcom
- Thin Ice – sitcom
- The Third Eye – drama
- This is Jinsy – surreal comedy/sitcom
- This is England – 30somethingish drama
- This Is Your Life – documentary/biography
- This Life – drama
- This Time Tomorrow – game show
- This Time with Alan Partridge – comedy
- This Week – current affairs (on ITV)
- This Week – political affairs (on BBC)
- Thomas & Friends – children's
- Thorne – police drama
- Threesome – comedy
- Three of a Kind – comedy sketch show
- Three Up, Two Down – comedy
- Through the Keyhole – comedy/panel game show
- Thunderbirds – science fiction
- Tickety Toc – children's/animated
- Tickle, Patch and Friends – animated
- Till Death.. – situation comedy
- Till Death Us Do Part – situation comedy
- Time Gentlemen Please – situation comedy
- Time of Our Lives – sport interview series
- Time Team – history
- Time Trumpet – comedy/mockumentary
- Timeslip – science fiction
- Timmy Time – children's/animated
- Tinga Tinga Tales – children's/animated
- Tiny Planets – children's
- Tipping Point – quiz show
- Tiswas – children's
- Titch – children's
- Tittybangbang – comedy sketches
- TLC – sitcom
- To Play the King – drama
- To the Ends of the Earth – drama
- To the Manor Born – situation comedy
- Toast of London – comedy
- Today's Business – news/talk show
- Today's the Day – game show
- Tofu – documentary
- Together – soap opera
- Tom, Dick and Harriet – sitcom
- Tom Brown's Schooldays – drama
- The Tomorrow People – science fiction
- Tomorrow's World – factual
- Tonight – news / current affairs
- Tony Bennett at the Talk of the Town – music
- Tony Robinson's Crime and Punishment – documentary
- Top Buzzer – sitcom
- Top Gear – factual (with comical elements)
- Top of the Pops – music
- Topsy and Tim – children's
- Torchwood – science fiction
- Torchwood Declassified – documentary/science fiction
- Torn – drama/thriller
- Total Wipeout – game show
- Totally Senseless – comedy game show
- Tots TV – children's
- A Touch of Cloth – comedy/police procedural
- A Touch of Frost – police drama
- Touching Evil – crime drama
- Towser – children's
- Tracey Ullman's Show – sketch comedy
- Tractor Tom – children's
- Tracy Beaker Returns – children's/comedy-drama
- Tracy Beaker Survival Files – children's/comedy-drama
- Traffic Cops – motoring/police documentary
- Traffik – drime/crama
- Trainer – drama
- Travel Man – travel documentary
- Trawlermen – factual/documentary
- Treasure Hunt – game show
- Tree Fu Tom – children's
- Trevor's World of Sport – situation comedy
- Trial & Retribution – crime drama
- Trial by Fire
- The Trials of Life – nature documentary
- Triangle – drama/soap opera
- The Tribal Eye – documentary
- The Tribe – reality/documentary
- Tribes, Predators & Me – nature documentary
- Trick or Treat – game show
- Trigger Happy TV – hidden camera stunts
- The Trip – sitcom
- The Tripods – science fiction
- Tripper's Day – comedy
- Tripping Over – drama
- The Trisha Goddard Show – talk show
- Trivial Pursuit – game show
- Trollied – sitcom
- Tronji – children's
- Troy – magic show
- Truckers – drama
- True Dare Kiss – drama
- True Love – drama
- Trust – legal drama
- Trust Me – drama
- Trust Me – I'm a Beauty Therapist – reality television
- The Tube – music
- Tube Mice – children's
- Tugs – children's
- The Tudors – historical drama
- The Tunnel – crime drama
- Tutankhamun – adventure drama
- Twirlywoos – children's
- Two Doors Down – sitcom
- Two Fat Ladies – cooking
- Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps – situation comedy
- Two of a Kind – sketch show
- The Two of Us – situation comedy
- The Two Ronnies – comedy
- Two's Company – situation comedy
- TV Heaven, Telly Hell – comedy/talk show
- TVGoHome – comedy/sketch show
- Tycoon – reality television
U[edit]
- UGetMe – comedy/drama
- UFO – science fiction
- Ultimate Force – action/drama
- Uncovered – documentary
- Uncle – sitcom
- Undercover (2015) – comedy drama
- Undercover (2016) – drama
- Undercover Boss – reality television
- Unforgiven – drama
- Unforgotten – crime drama
- United! – drama
- University Challenge – game show
- Unnatural Histories – documentary
- Unnovations – comedy
- Unspun with Matt Forde – satire
- An Unsuitable Job for a Woman – drama
- Untamed China with Nigel Marven – nature documentary
- Up the Elephant and Round the Castle – sitcom
- Up Pompeii! – situation comedy
- The Upper Hand – sitcom
- Upstairs, Downstairs (1971) – drama
- Upstairs Downstairs (2010) – drama
- Upstart Crow – sitcom
- Utopia – thriller/drama
- Urban Gothic – horror
V[edit]
- The Valleys – reality television
- Van der Valk – detective drama
- The Vanessa Show – talk show
- Vanessa – talk show
- Vanity Fair (1967) – drama
- Vanity Fair (1987) – drama
- Vanity Fair (1998) – drama
- Vanity Fair (2018) – period drama
- Velvet Soup – sketch comedy
- The Venturers – drama
- Vera – crime drama
- A Very British Airline – documentary
- A Very British Coup – political drama
- A Very English Scandal – comedy drama
- A Very Peculiar Practice – comedy drama
- Vexed – police drama
- Vic Reeves Big Night Out – sketch comedy
- The Vicar of Dibley – situation comedy
- The Vice – police drama
- Vicious – sitcom
- Victoria – drama
- Victoria Wood – situation comedy
- Victorian Pharmacy – documentary
- The Villa – reality television
- The Village (1993)
- The Village (2013) – historical drama
- Village Hall – drama
- Vision On – children's
- The Visit – comedy
- The Virtual Revolution – technology/documentary
- Viva S Club – sitcom/family entertainment
- The Voice UK – reality talent show
- Vroom Vroom – motorsports
W[edit]
- W1A – comedy
- Waiting for God – situation comedy
- Waking the Dead – police drama
- Walking with Beasts – documentary
- Walking with Cavemen – documentary
- Walking with Dinosaurs – documentary
- Walking with Monsters – documentary
- The Wall – comedy
- Wall of Fame – comedy panel game show
- Wallace and Gromit – clay animation comedy
- Wallander – crime
- The War of the Worlds – drama
- Warships – naval drama
- Watching – situation comedy
- Waterloo Road – drama
- Watership Down – children's
- Watership Down – fantasy
- The Way Things Work – children's educational
- Waybuloo – children's
- We, the Accused
- We are the Champions – children's game show
- We've Got Your Number – game show
- The Weakest Link – game show
- Weavers Green – soap opera
- The Wednesday Play – drama anthology
- Weirdsister College – children's fantasy/magic
- Whack-O! – situation comedy
- The What in the World? Quiz – science panel game
- What's My Line? – panel game
- What Not to Wear – makeover reality television
- What the Papers Say – current affairs / media review
- What-a-Mess – children's
- Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? – situation comedy
- Whatever I Want – sketch show
- Wheel of Fortune – game show
- When Louis Met.. – documentary
- When the Boat Comes In – historical drama
- When Were We Funniest? – documentary
- Where the Heart Is – drama
- Where's Wally?: The Animated Series – animated
- Which Way to the War – situation comedy
- White – documentary
- The White Princess – historical fiction
- The White Queen – drama
- White Teeth – drama, comedy
- White Van Man – comedy
- Whitechapel – dramatic
- Whites – situation comedy
- Whizziwig – children's sitcom
- Who Dares Wins (1983) – sketch comedy
- Who Dares Wins (2007) – game show
- Who Dares, Sings! – game show/music
- Who Do You Think You Are – documentary
- Who Gets the Dog? – comedy drama
- Who is Sylvia? – situation comedy
- Who Pays the Ferryman? – drama
- Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? – game show
- The Whole 19 Yards – game show
- Whose Line Is It Anyway? – game show
- Why Don't You? – children's
- The Widow – drama
- Widows – drama
- Wife Swap – reality
- Wild, Wild Women – sitcom
- Wild Africa – nature documentary
- Wild Arabia – nature documentary
- Wild at Heart – family drama
- Wild Brazil – nature documentary
- Wild Burma: Nature's Lost Kingdom – factual/nature documentary
- Wild Caribbean – nature documentary
- Wild China – nature documentary
- Wild Down Under – nature documentary
- Wild Ireland: The Edge of the World – nature documentary
- Wild New World – nature documentary
- Wild West – nature documentary
- Wildlife on One – natural history
- Wil Cwac Cwac – children's
- Wings – historical drama
- Winning Lines – game show
- Wipeout – game show
- Wire in the Blood – police procedural/crime drama
- Wired – thriller
- Wish Me Luck – historical drama
- Wish You Were Here..? – holiday travel
- Wissper – children's animated
- Within These Walls – drama
- Wives and Daughters – drama
- Wizadora – children's
- Wizards vs Aliens – science fantasy/teen drama
- Wobbly Land – children's
- Wodehouse Playhouse – comedy/romance
- Wolf Hall – drama
- The Woman He Loved – romantic drama
- The Woman in White – mini series
- The Wombles – children's
- Wonders of the Monsoon – nature documentary
- The Woodentops – children's
- Woof! – children's
- The Word – post-pub variety show
- Wordplay – game show
- The World About Us – documentary
- The World at War – documentary
- World Business – business/political reportage
- World in Action – documentary
- The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends – animated
- The World of Wodehouse – comedy
- The World of Wooster – comedy
- The World's Strictest Parents – reality
- Worldwide Exchange – news
- The Worst Week of My Life – sitcom
- The Worst Witch (1998) – children's fantasy/magic
- The Worst Witch (2017) – children's fantasy/magic
- Worzel Gummidge – children's
- Would I Lie to You? – comedy panel game
- Would Like To Meet – reality television/dating
- Wright Around the World – game show
- The Wright Stuff – chat show
- The Wright Taste – documentary
- The Wright Way – sitcom
- Writers – comedy-drama television and web series
- The Wrong Door – sketch comedy
- The Wrong Mans – comedy/sitcom
- Wuthering Heights (1978) – serial
- Wuthering Heights (2009) – serial
- Wycliffe – detective drama
X[edit]
- X-Ray Mega Airport – documentary
- Xpress – popular UK multicultural show
- The X Factor (UK) – singing talent show
Y[edit]
- Years and Years – drama
- Yellowstone – nature documentary
- Yellowstone: Wildest Winter to Blazing Summer – nature documentary
- Yellowthread Street – crime drama
- Yes Minister – situation comedy
- Yonderland – fantasy/comedy
- You Have Been Watching – comedy panel game
- You Rang, M'Lord? – sitcom
- You, Me and the Apocalypse – comedy-drama
- You've Been Framed! – comedy
- Young Apprentice – reality television
- A Young Doctor's Notebook – dark black comedy
- Young Hyacinth – sitcom
- Young James Herriot – drama
- The Young Ones – situation comedy
- The Young Person's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star – comedy
- Your Face Sounds Familiar – talent show
- Your Life in Their Hands – medical reality/documentary
- Yus, My Dear – sitcom
Z[edit]
- Z-Cars – drama/action
- Zack & Quack – animated
- Zapped – sitcom
- Zen – police drama
- Zero Hour – documentary
- Zoo Quest – nature documentary
- Zoo Time – children's: animals
Other languages[edit]
Hindustani[edit]
Monkey Brains Game
- Apna Hi Ghar Samajhiye – magazine
Scottish Gaelic[edit]
- An Là – news
- Dè a-nis? – children's
- Dòtaman – children's
- Eòrpa – current affairs
- Machair – soap opera
- Rapal – music
- Seachd Là – news
- Telefios – news
Urdu[edit]
- Nai Zindagi Naya Jeevan – magazine
Monkey Brains Game Serial Key
Welsh[edit]
- Dechrau Canu, Dechrau Canmol – religion/music
- Newyddion – news
- Noson Lawen – entertainment
- Pobol y Cwm – soap opera
- Uned 5 – children's
- Y Clwb Rygbi – sport
- Y Pris – drama
See also[edit]
- 100 Greatest (Channel 4 poll)
- 100 Greatest British Television Programmes (British Film Institute poll)
Monkey Brains Game Serial Key Free
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